Indian Journal of Pathology: Research and Practice

Background: Gall bladder (GB) adenomatous polyps are uncommon and are usually an incidental finding. Infections serve as a fertile soil for gall bladder polyps. Risks for GB polyps are seen in patients with hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection with HBsAg serving as a risk factor. Hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection facilitates GB stone formation and the incidence is seen more in middle aged females. Case Description: Hereby, we present a case of 40 year old female presenting with long term intermittent abdominal pain. Patient was found to have, positive HCV serology (HCV genotype 3) with high viral load. USG and CT showed multiple gall bladder polyps. Histology revealed multiple adenomatous polyps of gall bladder with focally dysplastic epithelium. Final diagnosis of adenomatous polyp with dysplasia was given. Literature Review: Gall bladder polyps are usually single and a rare occurrence. The risk of malignancy in an adenomatous polyp increases in solitary and sessile polyps. The primary goal of management of Gall bladder polyp is to prevent the development of gall bladder adenocarcinoma. The literature is short of case reports where HCV infection has been associated with GB polyps. Clinical Significance: In our case, multiple GB polyps were seen in a HCV positive female. This association of multiple GB polyps with HCV infection is a rare association and to the best of our knowledge has not been previously reported in the literature.

Keywords: Gall Bladder; Adenomatous Polyps; Hepatitis C. 

We present an interesting case of acquired cutaneous lymphangiectasia of vulva following tubercular lymphadenitis. It was a 35 year old lady who initially had cervical lymphadenitis proven positive for Tuberculosis and received Anti- Tubercular treatment about thirty years ago. She developed multiple raised lesions over the vulva and left upper thigh of one year duration. On examination, the patient had a large polypoidal growth involving both sides of the vulva, left upper thigh and over pubic area. She underwent simple vulvectomy and left thigh growth excision. Histopathological examination of the vulvectomy specimen confirmed the clinical diagnosis of vulval lymphangiectasia.

Keywords: Acquired Vulval Lymphangiectasia; Vulval Lymphangiectasia; Tuberculosis. 

Lymphatic filariasis is caused by a haemo-parasite Wuchereria bancrofti . It is an endemic parasitic infection in the tropical and subtropical countries of the world. As such it is a major health problem in India with many patients being asymptomatic. The common presentation of genital filariasis in India is secondary vaginal hydrocele with associated epididymo-orchitis. Lymphatic filariasis may also present as lymphoedema with lymphadenopathy, genital lymphoedema and swelling of the lower limbs. Here we present a case of filariasis with a rare presentation of a penile nodular swelling mimicking a sebaceous cyst and without genital or limb lymphoedema.

Keywords: Filariasis; Wuchereria Bancrofti; Penile; Sebaceous Cyst. 

Introduction: It is critical that cytopathologists should communicate thyroid FNA interpretations to referring physicians in terms that are succinct, unambiguous, and clinically helpful. Historically, terminology for thyroid FNA has varied significantly from one laboratory to another, creating confusion in some cases and hindering the sharing of clinically meaningful data among multiple institutions. Methodology: Patients with thyroid lesions referred to the Department of Pathology, Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre for FNAC and histopathological evaluation were taken. Results: Total no of benign follicular lesion were 82 .Out of which 11 were Adenomatoidgoiter, 56 were MNG (colloid nodule), Lymphocytic (Hashimotos thyroiditis) were 14 and 1 case was Granulomatous thyroiditis. Conclusion: Histopathological follow up was available in 56 cases, out of which 50 cases were reported as benign thyroid lesion. Follicular carcinoma and malignant tumors were reported in 2 cases each.

Keywords: Thyroid; Histopathology; FNAC. 

Background: Given that the clinical and radiological examinations of lateral cervical masses are not always sufficient for deciding on appropriate management, the cytological examination of the material obtained by fine-needle aspiration might be an efficient tool in the preoperative investigation of these lesions. Aim: To assess the usefulness of FNAC in the diagnosis of cervical lymph node masses and study the cytological features of common pathological conditions affecting the lymph nodes,in correlation with histopathological examination. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of enlarged cervical lymph nodes is undertaken &evaluated between the period from 2013 to 2016 .Cervical lymph node biopsieswere received from 90 patients out of a total of 100cases of previous FNACs and were subjected to unbiased histopathological examination, after fixing in 10% formalin. Results: All 90 cases correlated well with the histopathological diagnosis.Two of the AFB positive cases were subsequently diagnosed to be HIV positive. Epitheloid cell granulomas were observed in all cases of tuberculosis with or without caseation and/or AFB. Two cases of granulomatous lymphadenitis did not show caseation,both cytologicallyand histologically, and were labelled negative for AFB,both on smear and culture. They were further followed up, and subsequently diagnosed as Sarcoidosis and toxoplasmosis respectively. Cytological diagnosis for Non –Hodgkins lymphoma was rendered as lymphoproliferative disease,suspicious for malignant lymphoma,which on histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of NON –Hodgkins lymphoma. Conclusion: Fineneedle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an accurate, reliable, cost effective, minimally invasive, and pain free, first line diagnostic technique to investigate both superficially palpable&deep seated masses.

Keywords: FNAC; Cervical Lymphadenopathy; Metastatic Carcinoma; Infectious Granulomatous Lymphadenitis

Background: Benign lesions of breast are most common cause of breast problems. Up to 30% of females suffer from benign diseases of breast, requiring treatment at some time in their lives. Benign lesions of breast are 5 to 10 times more common than breast cancer. Many of these lesions are clinically suspected as malignancy but diagnosed as benign after histopathological examination. Aim: To study the spectrum of benign lesions of breast & their age and sex distribution. Inclusion Criteria: All benign lesions of breast diagnosed on histopathology are included. Exclusion Criteria: Malignant lesions of breast. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of 5 years is conducted from 31st December 2015 to 1st January 2011 to determine the spectrum of histopathological patterns in breast lesions received at Department of Pathology, Raichur institute of medical sciences, Raichur, Karnataka. Data for retrospective study is obtained from departmental records, tissue blocks, slides and requisition forms submitted along with specimens. Results: A total of 128 breast specimens were received during study period in our deparment. Benign to malignant ratio was 5.54:1; male to female ratio was 1:20.33. Highest incidence of benign lesions in females was seen between 21-30 years of age. Most common benign lesion was Fibroadenoma (64%), followed by fibrocystic disease (12.5%). All breast lesions in males were diagnosed as Gynaecomastia with the peak incidence in the age group between 21-30 years. Conclusion: The benign breast lesions constituted 85.3%. Benign to malignant ratio was 5.54:1 in females. Fibroadenoma was the most common lesion in the benign group followed by fibrocystic disease. This histopathological sublassification of benign breast lesions was useful in the management of patients and also carried prognostic value. Identification of benign breast lesions is important as some of them mimic malignancy clinically. Histopathological diagnosis plays an important role in the diagnosis of benign breast diseases.

Keywords: Benign Lesions of Breast; Fibroadenoma; Inflammatory Lesion. 

Context: The lower GI tract is a site for various infectious, inflammatory, idiopathic and polypoidal conditions along with neoplasms. Aims: To study the spectrum, histological patterns and clinico-pathological aspects of various lower gastrointestinal tract lesions in rural population and to compare the findings with data available in existing literature. Settings and Design: This is a prospective and observational study of 70 patients having lower gastrointestinal tract lesions, studied over a period of 18 months from Jan 2016 to June 2017 in Department of Pathology of a rural hospital. Methods and Material: We received samples in form of biopsies and intestinal resection specimens, which were processed and stained to make slides to reach to a definitive histopathological diagnosis. Statistical Analysis Used: Data was analysed with the help of simple statistical tables and charts. Result & Conclusions: Our study throws a light on the pattern of lower gastrointestinal tract lesions seen in our institute.

Keywords: Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Lesions; Histopathological Diagnosis; Non-Neoplastic; Neoplastic.

Introduction: Skin is involved in a number of pathological conditions and affects all age groups and both the sexes, ranging from mild to severe skin problems such as dry skin,wrinkling ,disfigurement ,itching, painful and sometimes fatal life threatening conditions like toxic epidermal necrolysis and malignancies like lymphoma. Skin biopsy is one of the most frequently used ancillary aids to confirm clinical diagnosis.The tissue reaction pattern and pattern of inflammation aid in the diagnosis. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the skin biopsies in relation to age and sex and the pattern of histological diagnosis of skin biopsy specimens in the department of histopathology in our centre. Materials and Methods: The present retrospective study of skin biopsies was conducted in the department of histopathology of Sampurna Sodani diagnostic clinic over a period of one year from January to December 2016.A total of 173 skin biopsies were taken into consideration. All biopsies were fixed in 10% formalin for 24 hours and later 3-4 micron thick sections were made from the blocks and stained with H and E stain. Wherever necessary, PAS and AFB staining and immunohistochemistry was performed to aid in the diagnosis. Results: A total of 173 skin biopsy specimens were received from January 2016 to December 2016 . There were 76 (43.9%) males and 97 (56.1%) females. Leg was the most common site involved. Non-malignant lesions were more common comprising of 110/173 (65.3%). Borderline tuberculoid Leprosy was the most common finding among the granulomatous skin lesions (38.8%)Among the malignancies,Basal cell carcinoma was the most frequent finding (29.6%). Conclusion: Skin diseases present with a variety of patterns and severity. A definite histopathological diagnosis along with clinical presentation is mandatory for proper treatment and prognosis of the disease.

Keywords: Skin Biopsy; Leprosy; Non Malignant Skin Lesions. 

Background: Trichomonas vaginalis infection is a common sexually transmitted protozoal infection in HIV women among all reproductive age group and is associated with several adverse health outcomes such as, preterm delivery, delivery of a low–birth weight infant, and facilitation of sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Patients and Methods: Total of 100 women from 20-40 years who participated in the study from 28 th December 2015 to July2016.Collection of vaginal swab specimens were done after taking consent from each patient. The vaginal fluids extracted from these swabs were evaluated for the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis & perinuclear halo (presumptive diagnosis of Trichomonas) by staining with Papanicolaou method. Results: Over all, 10 women (10%) of the total of 100 women were positive for Trichomonas infection & 12 women (12%) were positive with demonstration of perinuclear halo (12%) Total 22% had shown the infection with Trichomonas. Conclusions: With Positive history of HIV & supported by positive HIV test & clinical examination, women with abnormal vaginal discharges, burning sensation and genital itches should be checked for Trichomoniasis using high sensitive and specific tests: papanicolaou stain for the detection of trichomonas & perinuclear halo.

Keywords: Trichomonas; Discharge; HIV; Vulva; Vagina; Urethra; Papanicolaou. 

Introduction: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) plays a vital role in the management of thyroid lesions. Historically terminologies used for reporting thyroid FNAC has varied significantly from one laboratory to another, creating confusion in some cases. A uniform reporting system for thyroid FNAC will facilitate effective communication among cytopathologists, endocrinologists, surgeons, radiologists and other health care providers. Present study is done to evaluate the efficacy of The Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology. Methodology: Patients with thyroid lesions referred to the Pathology Department, Medical College, and Hospital & Research Centrefor FNAC are taken. Interpretation of these cases was done as Per the Bethesda System. Results: Total numbers of cases studied on FNAC were 104. Out of 104 cases 82(78.8%) were benign lesions, 10(9.6%) were unsatisfactory/ nondiagnostic, 6(6.20%) were Follicular Neoplasm/ suspicious for neoplasm, 4(4.16%) were suspicious of malignancy, 3(3.12%) were Malignant and 1case was reported as Atypia of undetermined significance. Conclusion: Bethesda system of reporting thyroid cytopathology is beneficial for clinical follow up and surgical management. It helps to reduce the rate of unnecessary thyroid surgery for benign thyroid lesion and helps to plan the surgical management in malignant thyroid lesion.

Keywords: Thyroid; Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology; the Bethesda System. 

The aim of this study was correlation of skin adnexal tumors with age, sex, and location and determining its incidence in the Department of Pathology government medical college and Hospital, Nanded, Maharashtra. All cases of skin adnexal tumors diagnosed during 2015-2017 are included in this study. Total 27 cases were of adnexal tumour out of received 13057 biopsy specimens in our department.70.36% were benign and 29.6% were malignant Lesions. The sweat gland tumors constituted the largest group (including both apocrine and eccrine differentiation) followed by the hair follicle tumors and sebaceous gland tumors. Overall male: female ratio was 1:2.89. The commonest age group was 41–60 years and the commonest affected body part was head, neck and face region. Pilomatricoma were commonest benign tumors and sebaceous carcinoma was the most common malignant tumor seen. The incidence of benign skin adnexal tumors was more as compared to the malignant tumors.

Keywords: Adnexal Tumours; Pilomatricoma; malignant Lesions.

Introduction: Platelet plays an important role in atherosclerosis, the major cause of unstable coronary syndromes. Despite an increasing volume of literature which suggests that platelet volume measurement might be useful in the diagnosis of disorders of thrombopoisis, platelet parameters have not been utilised by the clinicians. The clinical utility of newer haematological parameters such as platelet indices has been explored in recent years. Mean platelet volume (MPV) is an indicator of platelet activation and it has been reported to increase in acute myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndromes Material & methods: The present study is to determine the relationship between mean platelet volume and platelet count, and also to assess the normal range for mean platelet volume in 500 healthy adults in Indian population. Result: The range of platelet count in the normal subjects was 26 – 490*103/ul with a mean of 194*103/ul . The range for platelet volume was 6 – 10.9fl with a mean of 7.4fl. . It was found that the platelet count and mean platelet volume were found to be inversely proportional to each other. Conclusion: Hence from our study we found the mean volume to be 7fl and mean platelet count was 194*103/ul. The count and volume showed an inverse relationship. Patients having a low platelet count had a higher MPV and patients with high platelet count had a low MPV. The patients having a MPV beyond 11.7 fl should be evaluated carefully especially for occlusive arterial diseases.

Keywords: Mean Platelet Volume; Platelet Count; Healthy Population. 

Breast cancer is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among women worldwide.The high mortality associated with breast cancer is linked to the aggressiveness of the tumor which depends to a large extent on the histopathological subtypes. It is a heterogeneous disease, comprising multiple entities associated with distinctive histological and biological features, clinical presentations and behaviours and responses to therapy. Histological grade has been incorporated in multiple, validated, prognostic algorithms to determine breast cancer therapy, such as the Nottingham PrognosticIndex. Many studies have tried to identify prognostic factors for breast cancer with nodal status and histopathologic subtypes featuring prominently as prognostic indices. This study was a retrospective analysis of all consecutive breast cancer specimens study from January 2011 to September 2016 biopsysubmitted to the Pathology Department of Hassan Institutional Medical Sciences, Hassan. Prominent histomorphological features, grading, typing, Lymphovascular invasion, lymph node involvement and involvement of the surgical margins were studied in detail. The aim of this study was to know the age incidence patterns for different histopathologic types of carcinoma and to know the involvement of deep resected margin and number of lymph nodes by malignant cells.

Keywords: Breast Cancer; Histopathology Grading; Resected Margin; Nottingham Prognostic Index. 

Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding is the most common presenting complaint among women of all age groups attending the gynaecology out patient department. Abnormal uterine bleeding is a term used to describe any type of bleeding that does not fall within the normal ranges for amount, frequency, duration and cyclicity. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is a clinical term used to describe abnormal uterine bleeding not attributable to any underlying organic lesions like Leiomyoma, Inflammation and Polyps. The causes of abnormal uterine bleeding vary with age. The present study was carried out to study the histomorphological spectrum of uterine lesions in women of all age groups presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding and to classify the lesions as Dysfunctional uterine bleeding or Organic causes. Materials and Methods: The retrospective study included a total of 163 specimens received either as endometrial curettings or hysterectomy specimens belonging to all the age groups (reproductive, perimenopausal and post menopausal), presenting with complaints of abnormal uterine bleeding was carried out in the Department of Pathology at a tertiary care centre in rural Haryana. Results: Maximum cases (39.26%) presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding were seen in the age group 31-40 years. Out of total 163 cases, there were 91 (55.82%) DUB cases, 69 (42.33%) were organic lesions and 3 (1.84%) cases were inadequate for opinion. Proliferative phase was seen in maximum cases of dysfunctional uterine bleeding (36/91 cases) and leiomyoma was the commonest pathology in organic lesions category (24/69 cases). Conclusion: Study of histomorphological pattern of the endometrium in patients of all the age groups presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding helps to diagnose and categorize the lesions as Dysfunctional uterine bleeding or Organic causes, to plan specific treatment modality, to assess therapeutic response and to rule out carcinoma.

Keywords: Abnormal Uterine Bleeding; Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding; Hyperplasia; Leiomyoma; Normal Cyclical Endometrium. 

Introduction: Thyroid is the endocrine organ situated in the midline of the neck.Its pathology varies from nutritional disorders like multinodular goiter to high grade malignancy like anaplastic carcinoma. Since the thyroid is superficially located and easily palpable, Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) becomes the most common modality of investigation done for diagnosing thyroid lesions. The Bethesda system for reporting of thyroid cytology is most commonly used method for reporting FNAC of thyroid. Material and methods: It includes 100 cases of thyroid lesions. Results: All cases on FNAC reported as category II according to Bethesda system. On biopsy, all show features of multinodular goiter. Discussion: Category II should be sub categorized into IIA, IIB, IIC accordingly for Nodular, Lymphocytic thyroiditis and others respectively, as they have different pathogenesis, diagnostic modality and treatment protocol. Conclusion: Subcategorisation helps the clinicians to have distinct and well defined work up protocol for early diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords: Bethesda; Thyroid; Lymphocytes; Colloid. 

Introduction: Perinatal mortalityworldwide accounts for about 53/1000 total births [1], in which preterm births contribute to a major proportion, followed by other fetal, placental and maternal factors [2]. Hence, analyzing the perinatal deaths by a detailed postmortem examination is indispensable in identifying the specific disorder for which targeted strategies could be implemented for prevention in further pregnancies and counseling regarding the risk of recurrence. Aims: 1. To analyze the spectrum of etiologies which account for the fetal death. 2. To study the various congenital anomalies 3. To correlate the pathological diagnosis with antenatal ultrasound findings and karyotyping wherever feasible. Materials and Methods: Fetal autopsies were performed on all deceased fetuses received in the Department of Pathology over a period of 4 years from June 2012 to June 2016. A total of 65 cases were included in this retrospective study. The findings were correlated with available antenatal ultrasound findings and with karyotyping reports wherever feasible. Results: Of the 65 cases, the predominant cause of fetal loss was found to be due to MTP following congenital anomalies in 26 cases ( 40% ), then by intrauterine deaths in 24 ( 36% ), ARDS with perinatal asphyxia in 8 (12%), spontaneous abortionsin 5 ( 7%) and miscellaneous conditions in 2 cases ( 5% ). Male fetuses were found to be more affected (62%) than females (38%). A 90% correlation between antenatal USG and pathological diagnosis was found. In 6 out of 65 cases which had karyotyping reports, 66% correlation was noted. Conclusion: The present study proves that an organized postmortem examination of the fetus helps in identifying the cause of death which along with appropriate antenatal history, radiological findings and karyotyping would give a definitive diagnosis and aids in estimating its risk of recurrence.

Keywords: Congenital Anomalies; Karyotyping; Perinatal Death. 

Background: In a developing country like India, Oral cancer is a major health issue, representing the leading cause of death. Objective: Study the spectrum of premalignant and malignant lesions with grading of malignant lesions of oral cavity and to study the incidence of malignant and premalignant lesions of the oral cavity in relation to age, sex, and site of the lesion. Methods: The study was conducted for a period of 2 years, in the Department of Pathology, KVG Medical College and Hospital, Sullia. 100 oral biopsies received from the Surgical, Medical and Dental outpatient departments were studied. Clinical details were obtained from the requisition form. Biopsies received were processed and stained with H&E. Histopathological diagnosis regarding type and differentiation was made. Data was entered and analyzed using Microsoft excel 2007 and SPSS Version 17. Quantitative data was expressed as mean and standard deviation, Qualitative data was expressed as percentage and proportions. Results: Among 100 oral cavity lesions studied, 16% were premalignant and 84% were malignant lesions. Peak incidence was seen in 6th decade with a male preponderance. 43% of patients were smokers, 30% were habituated to smokeless tobacco. The commonest site in both the premalignant and malignant lesions were Buccal mucosa. Majority of cases (50%) of leukoplakias were associated with mild dysplasias, one case of erythroplakia showed mild dysplasia. Amongst the 84 malignant lesions, 78 cases were Squamous cell carcinoma and majorities (60.25%) were well differentiated. Maximum number of cases (63.63%) were seen in Stage I and II. Nodal metastasis was seen in 36.36%, perineural invasion in 27.2% and microvascular invasion was seen in 18.18% cases. Negative surgical margins were seen in 100% cases. Conclusion and Interpretation: A detailed clinical work up with histology can help in early detection of dysplastic and malignant changes and thus reduce morbidity and mortality due to malignant lesions.

Keywords: Erythroplakia; Leukoplakia; Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Verrucous Carcinoma. 

Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology has been shown to be simple, safe, cost effective and quick to perform procedure with excellent patient compliance. It is a well established technique for preoperative investigation of thyroid gland swellings with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology of thyroid swellings performed at our institution. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out at American International Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital Udaipur, department of Pathology over a period of 2 years (May 2015 to May 2017). One hundred and ninety patients of all age groups and both sexes who underwent fine needle aspiration cytology for thyroid swelling were evaluated. Out of 190 patients, histopathological diagnosis was carried out in 69 patients. Results: Fine needle aspiration cytology result revealed 156 cases (82.10%) as non-neoplastic, 20 cases (10.52%) as neoplastic and 14 cases (7.38%) inadequate due to lack of cellularity. The commonest lesion in the thyroid gland was colloid goiter. Among the malignant neoplasms the commonest was papillary carcinoma. Out of 176 patients, histopathological diagnosis was available in 69 patients. Statistical analysis of our data shows the diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology to be 91.30%. Fine needle aspiration cytology showed a sensitivity of 90.90% and a specificity of 91.37%. Conclusion: Fine needle aspiration cytology is a well established technique for pre operative investigation of thyroid gland swellings with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy.

Keywords: FNAC; Sensitivity; Accuracy. 

Context: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is one of the important components of cytology. The main purpose of FNAC is confirmation of benign thyroid lesions and thereby reducing unnecessary surgeries for the same. Aims: The main aim of the study is to study the correlation ship between cytological findings of thyroid lesions with clinical history and histopathological examination (Wherever available). Settings and Design: It is a prospective study of 150 patients having thyroid enlargement carried out in a tertiary care centre over a period of 3 years. Methods and Material: A total 150 patients having thyroid enlargement were thoroughly studied and subjected for FNAC. Histopathological examination, ultrasonography (USG) findings and thyroid function tests (TFT) were studied wherever available. Correlation of FNAC finding with clinical diagnosis and histopathological examination was done. Statistical analysis: Specificity, Sensitivity, Diagnostic accuracy, Positive predictive value and Negative predictive value of FNAC of thyroid lesions were calculated. Results: Predominant age group in the study was 21-40yrs and Male: Female ratio was 1:9. Most common cytological diagnosis was colloid goiter followed by thyroiditis. Correlation between clinical diagnosis and FNAC was high in thyroiditis. Sensitivity of test for diagnosis of malignancy=90%. Specificity of the test for diagnosis of malignancy=100%. Positive predictive value=100%. Negative predictive value=96.8%. Diagnostic accuracy=87.5%. Conclusions: FNAC found to be simple, minimally traumatic, accurate, cost effective office technique for diagnosis of thyroid lesions. The positive influence of FNAC on the management of thyroid lesions is perhaps best highlighted in the low rate of surgical intervention, 26.66% in this study.

Keywords: FNAC; Histopathology; TFT; Thyroid Lesions; USG. 

Aim: To determine prevalence & age and gender distribution of HIV among blood donors and to study the trend of incidence of HIV positive Cases among them. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted from from January 2001 to Dec 2015 for 15 years at RIMS, Teaching Hospital Blood Bank, Raichur. Serum Samples from Replacement and Voluntary Donors were tested for prevalence of HIV. Donors were selected by taking history, clinical examination (strictly following donor’s selection criteria) to eliminate professional donors, The donors were apparently healthy adults of the age group 18-60 yr. The donor blood samples were collected at the time of blood donation from the primary bag and tested for the presence of HIV using enzyme linked imunosorbent assay (ELISA). Inclusion Criteria: All blood donors (including voluntary and replacement blood donors) coming to donate blood either at Blood Bank, RIMS, Raichur as well as at various blood donation camps organised by blood bank were included in this study. Exclusion Criteria: Donors who did not fulfil the general criteria for blood donation, commercial and paid donors and also those with a history of high risk behaviour were excluded. Results: A total of 39090 blood donors were screened for HIV over a period of 15 years between January 2001 to December 2015. Out of which 38261 (97.88%) were males and 829 (2.12%) were females (Table 1). Age of the donors ranges from 18-52years. Out of 39090 donors screened for HIV, 148 donors were found to be reactive, comprising 0.37%. Out of 148 positive donors, 147 were males and one was female comprising 99.32% and 0.68% respectively. Conclusion: Prevalence of HIV among blood donors in our study showed 0.37%. Strict selection of blood donors with emphasis on getting healthy voluntary donors and comprehensive screening of blood donors for Human immunodeficiency virus and other transfusion transmissible infections using standard methods are highly recommended to ensure the safety of blood for receipients.

Keywords: HIV Prevalence; Blood Donors; Blood Bank. 

Background: Iron deficiency and lipid metabolism disorders are common health problems but the number of published studies investigating lipid alterations in Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is relatively low and the results of these studies are inconsistent. Some of these studies show that lipid parameters in iron deficient patients are higher in value than those of healthy control patients, whereas others indicate that lipid parameters fall to lower levels in iron deficiency, but improve to normal range following the rise of hemoglobin (Hb) after iron replacement or transfusion. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the changes in serum lipid concentrations that occur in patients of IDA. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out in SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Chennai. Totally 200 subjects, both men and women aged >18yrs [100 patients with IDA (cases) and 100 patients without IDA (controls)] were included in our study and tested for lipid profile. Statistical Analysis: The data were analyzed by SPSS version 21 using Independent samples unpaired‘t’ test. ‘p’ value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The baseline hematological parameters of the IDA patients were found to be significantly different from controls (Table 1). The levels of serum TG and serum VLDL were significantly (P <0.05) higher in the IDA group, whereas the levels TC, LDL and HDL were significantly (P = 0.01) lower in IDA. In our study mean serum TC and LDL levels was statistically significant (P < 0.05) between mild, moderate and severe anemia whereas mean serum TG, HDL, VLDL was not statistically significant. Except LDL in mild and severe anemia there was no significant difference between male and female in other lipid parameters among varying degrees of anemia. Conclusion: We conclude that, serum lipid profile is altered in the presence of IDA. But the role of iron in blood lipid metabolism has received little attention, especially in India, and must be explored to establish if IDA is a contributing factor in the etiology of cardiovascular disease in humans which must be considered seriously and hence all attempts should be made to treat this micronutrient deficiency promptly.

Keywords: Iron Deficiency; Anemia; Serum Lipid Profile. 

Atherosclerosis accounts for a large proportion of cardiovascular system associated morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study is to know the relationship between atherosclerosis of various arteries and anthropometric indices with the help of simple indicators of obesity such as body weight, body length, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-hip ratio, abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness and wrist circumference. The study included 100 autopsies conducted in the Government Medical College, Thrissur during a one and a half years period. The heart was dissected following standard autopsy protocol. A 5 cm section of the right coronary artery (RCA) in the atrio-ventricular groove from its origin, a 5 cm segment of the left anterior descending artery (LADA) distal to the origin of the circumflex artery (including the region of origin of the circumflex branch) and left coronary artery (LCA) from its origin till the circumflex branch were excised, marked for identification and histopathologically analysed. The study showed a positive correlation of age, body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness with atherosclerotic changes in the various arteries. No significant relation was observed between the grade of atherosclerosis and anthropometric indices of height, hip circumference and wrist circumference.

Keywords: Atherosclerosis; Body Mass Index; Hip Circumference; Waist Circumference; Waist Hip Ratio. 

Background: Breast carcinoma is the leading cause of death due to cancer in women. It is difficult to determine whether a lump is benign or malignant from clinical assessment. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a convenient and rapid procedure. Hence the present study was carried out to correlate fine needle aspiration cytology and histopathology of breast lesions. Aims and Objectives: To Correlate between FNAC and histopathology of breast lesions. Material and Methods: The present study is a retrospective study on 92 patients in Department of Pathology, Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Kanchipuram from the period of March, 2014 to March2017. Patients were referred from department of surgery who has presented with breast lesions and pain in the breast. Hematoxylin and eosin slides of the breast cases were taken and FNAC slides were collected for the same patients and then correlation was done. Results: Statistical analysis showed sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of FNAC to be 93.3%, 100%, 100%, and 98.7%, respectively. Conclusion: FNAC is an effective modality for the diagnosis of breast lesions. It is a safe, simple, and cost effective outpatient procedure associated with negligible complications. In the present study it has a high sensitivity and specificity. It helps the clinicians for early diagnosis and specific management thus reducing morbidity and mortality.

Keywords: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology; Histopathology; Sensitivity; Specificity; Positive Predictive Value and Negative Predictive Value. 

Background: Although malignant bone tumours are infrequently encountered compared to the occurrence of other neoplastic lesions, they are of great significance because majority of them affect adolescents and young adults with a tendency of aggressive course. Morphological diagnosis of these tumours can be highly challenging. Objectives: 1. to know the incidence of malignant tumours of bone in this institute. 2. To study the histomorphological features of these lesions. 3. To classify these lesions by WHO classification and study the incidence of different lesions with respect to age, sex and site. Methodology: Biopsies and specimens received at the department of Pathology, KIMS, Hubli from July 2006 to June 20111 were subjected to routine fixation, processing and sectioning. Results: Out of the total 115 tumour and tumour like lesions of bone that were encountered during the study period, malignant bone tumours were 31 (26.9%), benign bone tumours 71 (61.73%), and tumour like lesions 13 (11.3%). Peak incidence of the malignant tumors was seen in third decade of life (34.7%). Osteosarcoma was the commonest malignant tumor (58%) followed by Ewing’s sarcoma (16.2%) and chondrosarcoma (9.6%). There were 3 cases of secondary tumors - one of renal cell carcinoma and the other two were adenocarcinomas of unknown primary. Conclusion: Malignant bone tumours form an important group of neoplastic lesions during the period of active growth spurt in adolescents and young adults. Adequate sampling of histopathological specimen with analysis of clinical details and radiological pictures can help in diagnosing the lesion with certainty.

Keywords: Malignant Bone Tumours; Osteosarcoma; Ewing’s Sarcoma; Chondrosarcoma. 

Background: Non neoplastic salivary gland lesions have to be differentiated from neoplastic lesions that mandates preoperative evaluation by aspiration cytology. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the non neoplastic salivary gland lesions by fine needle aspiration. Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, at two tertiary care centres. The clinical details and examination findings were recorded. The aspirates were studied by two pathologists. The cytology smears were subsequently correlated with histopathology. The collected data were analyzed statistically for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and overall diagnostic accuracy of FNAC. Data analysis was done with SPSS. Results: A total of 135 patients studied of which 58 were non – neoplastic lesions. Most common age of presentation was 3-4th decade. Chronic sialadenitis was commonest (45%) followed by Benign cystic lesion (26%), Acute sialadenitis (16%), lymphoepithelial lesion (12%) and Granulomatous sialadenitis (1%). The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of non-neoplastic lesion was 96%, 100% and 96.6% respectively. The positive and negative predictive value is 100% and 75% respectively. Conclusion: The salivary gland lesions constitutes only a small proportion of head and neck cytology, however cytology poses difficulty in arriving at lesion specific diagnosis. Our study eliminated the risk of surgery in 20% of patients and were managed conservatively. Hence fine needle aspiration holds good for the initial evaluation of patients with major salivary gland lesions especially in experienced hands.

Keywords: Salivary Gland, Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology, Histopathology, Non-Neoplastic Lesions. 

Background: The commonest clinical presentation in any out patient department is lymphadenopathy. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a simple, reliable, rapid and inexpensive method to diagnose various cause lymph node enlargement. Aim: 1. To report the incidence and to describe the various causes of lymphadenopathy. 2. To evaluate the usefulness of FNAC in etiological diagnosis of lymph node enlargement. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 306 cases of lymph node enlargement in our study from Jan 2015 to August 2016. Patients who had minimum four smears from each aspiration site were included in our study and the smears were routinely stained with Papanicolaou stain and special stains where ever necessary. Results: Out of 306 cases, there were 170 (55.56%) males and 136 (44.4%) were females. Cervical lymph node enlargements were found in 245 cases (80%). In our study, 85% cases were benign and 15% cases were malignant with tuberculous lymphadenitis was the commonest presentation in 166 cases (63%). Accuracy of diagnosis was more than 90% in most of the cases. Conclusion: FNAC is an excellent first line method in diagnosing causes of lymphadenopathy and it serves as an easy alternative to open biopsy as it can be done as an outpatient procedure.

Keywords: FNAC; Lymphadenopathy; Tuberculous Lymphadenitis; Papanicolaou Stain. 

Introduction: Surgical removal of testis is indicated in testicular tumors, male breast carcinoma, and prostate cancer as well as in many non-neoplastic lesions like-undescended testis, torsion, epididymo-orchitis, hematocele and testicular atrophy. Testicular atrophy secondary to testicular injury and infections are common next to cryptorchidism. Testicular tumors comprise only 1% of all cancers in men. Aims and Objectives: Study of histomorphological spectrum of lesions in orchidectomy specimens and to determine the frequency of various testicular tumors. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study of orchidectomy specimens received from January 2009 toJanuary 2013. The specimens were grossly examined, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. All H & E sections were reviewed. Results: Out of the 63 orchidectomy specimens received, 46 (73.01%) were non-neoplastic while 17 (26.98%) were neoplastic lesions. Among the non-neoplastic lesions, chronic epididymo orchitis was the commonest, followed by atrophic testis, organized hydrocele, acute epididymo-orchitis, pyocele and others. Whereas, neoplastic lesions ranged from seminoma being the commonest followed by mixed germ cell tumors, lymphoma, pure germ cell tumors, spermatocytic seminoma and metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma. Conclusion: Testicular pathology is a nosologically complex subjectbecause of the spectrum of histologic subtypes and variableclinical behaviour. Currently, treatment for most of the testicular neoplasms is orchiectomy, surveillance and radiation to the affected testis. Hence present study was undertaken to study thehistomorphological spectrumof lesions in orchidectomy specimens.

Keywords: Epididymo-Orchitis; Metastatic; Orchidectomy; Seminoma; Testicular Tumours. 

Objective: The objective of the present study is to compare values of platelet count on automated coulter with different manual platelet counts and also to ascertain the better methodology to do the same, particularly when coulters are not available in remote areas. Materials &Methods: Platelet count was estimated by four different methods in 75 blood samples(25 each with low, high and normal platelet count) received in Department of Pathology, Dayanand Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana and compared with platelet count obtained from automated analyzer Beckman coulter LH750. Methods A and B were based on counting the average number of platelets per oil immersion field (OIF) in 10 fields multiplied by factor of 2 and 3 respectively and to yield a platelet count estimate per 109/l. Methods C and D were based on multiplying the total number of platelets counted under 2 high power fields by factor of 2 and 3 respectively. All cases had a normal mean platelet volume (MPV). Statistical Analysis: The agreement between the manual methodologies with each other and each method with the automated count was assessed using the unpaired T-test and correlation coefficient analysis done. Results: Method A and Method C showed no significant differences in platelet values in all the three groups and were comparable to those obtained by automated analyser. Conclusion: Manual methods give reliable and accurate results similar to automated analyser and can be used in rural settings and also automated counts should be counter checked by manual method especially in cases of thrombocytopenia.

Keywords: Platelet; Manual Count; Automated Analyser. 

Background: Thyroid Swellings are most common in routine clinical practice. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) gives quick results with good sensitivity and specificity. It minimize further investigations and surgeries. Combined approach of Thyroid functions test (TFT), FNAC and Histopathological findings will increase the specificity for the diagnosis of thyroid lesions. Aims & Objectives: Study aims to correlate cytological findings, TFT and Histopathological findings. Materials and Methods: The present study was undertaken in Department of Pathology, KBN institute of Medical Sciences, Kalburagi from June 2016 to May 2017. Total of 100 cases presented with Thyroid swellings, who underwent FNA and TFT . Among 100 cases, 25 cases had Histopathological Follow Up. Results: Total of 100 patients with thyroid swellings were included in this study. 90 females and 10 were males. Maximum patients were in age group of 21–30 years. Most Common Lesions were Non-Neoplastic accounting 88 % of cases, among these Colloid Goitre was commonest. 12% cases were found to be neoplastic, among these, Follicular Neoplasm were the most common, followed by Papillary Carcinoma. 70 % were Euthyroid, 2 % were Subclinical hyperthyroid, 16% were hypothyroid, 5% were hyperthyroidism and 7 % were subclinical hypothyroidism. Among these 25 cases had histopathological Examinations, 21 were correlated with cytological studies, 2 were false Negative and 1 was False positive . So, the sensitivity of FNAC was 83.3%, Specificity was 91.6% and Accuracy was 84%. Conclusion: FNAC gives High accuracy and specificity for further management of Thyroid lesions. All the FNA diagnosis must be viewed in the light of the clinical picture and thyroid hormone profile to minimize the risks of false negative reports.

Keywords: FNAC; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroid Swelling

Although histological study is one of the most valuable means of diagnosis in dermatology, it has its own limitations. Often no definitive diagnosis can be made. The reason for this is often very few dermatoses, aside from tumors are regularly associated with a diagnostic histopathological picture. Materials and Methods: This study is a prospective cross sectional study done at Adichunchanagiri Medical College, BG Nagar, Karnataka, India, over a period of 2 years from March 2015 to 2017 march comprising of 120 cases of papular lesions of the skin. Results: 120 cases of papular lesions were divided into 11 groups and subgroups. The infectious disease constituted the majority of cases and degenerative disease and tumors of vascular tissue was the least. Conclusion: From this study is that histopathological diagnosis although is one of the valuable means of diagnosis in dermatology, it has been shown to have its own limitations as often no differential diagnosis is made. In many instances the chief value of histopathology lies in corroborating the clinical diagnosis or in ruling out the possible diseases. Inspite of that histopathology has a major investigative role in papular lesions of the skin.

Keywords: Papular Lesions; Inflammation; Diagnosis. 

Background: Pyogenic granuloma is an excessive proliferation of granulation tissue that usually develops after minor trauma or surgery. Ocular involvement usually happens on the external surface and cornea is rarely involved. The objective of our report is to describe the clinicopathological feature of this rare disease and give insight on clinical features that help in the diagnosis. Case Report: A 62 year old male came with the complain of loss of vision and pain, who had fleshy growth of one week duration on the right eye after development of pain and redness in ophthalmology department. Slit lamp examination showed vascularized central corneal mass with surrounding stromal infiltrates. The mass was excised, and histopathological examination confirmed pyogenic granuloma of the cornea. Conclusion: Pyogenic granulomata of the cornea are rare. However, the present case illustrates the importance of considering benign inflammatory causes in the differential diagnosis of a corneal mass lesion so as to avoid unnecessarily aggressive therapeutic intervention.

Keywords: Pyogenic granuloma; Cornea; Lesion. 

Background: There is some “grey zone” in thyroid cytology where the diagnostic efficacy declines sharply rendering it difficult to categorize the lesions resulting in discrepancy. So, a study was conducted to determine the accuracy of FNAC in diagnosis of thyroid lesions and to assess the correlation between preoperative cytological diagnosis and post operative histopathological diagnosis. It was observed that FNAC is reliable, safe and accurate method as a first line of evaluation in thyroid swelling before the surgery. Aim: To highlight probable causes of error in the cases showing discrepancy between cytological and histological diagnoses. Materials and Methods: A retrospective and prospective study was conducted from June 2013 to July 2015 in Pathology department of our hospital. Patient data were collected and details of their thyroid lesion, including clinicopathological features and FNAC findings were recorded. The cytology reports were compared with the histopathological diagnosis. Results: A total of 136 cases of thyroid lesions were aspirated. 131 cases are adequate for reporting. Remaining 5 cases were sample inadequate. Out of 131 cases, 40 cases were available for histopathological correlation. Age group of 3140 yrs is most effected group with thyroid disorders Adenomatous Goiter is the most common thyroid lesion in study. Statistical analysis of our data shows the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC to be 97%. FNA showed sensitivity and a specificity of 100%. Conclusions: FNAC is a rapid, efficient, costeffective, relatively painless procedure with a high diagnostic accuracy. Hence, it is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and management of patients.

Keywords: CytoHistopathological Correlation; Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology; Thyroid Lesions. 

Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the trends in the incidence rates of major types of leukemia viz. acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and mixed phenotypic acute leukemia (MPAL), in the population of upper Assam who have visited Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, during the period June 2012 to June 2016. Due to the lack of any leukemia screening program, the majority of the people are not aware of the disease. Epidemiological study can play a vital role in understanding the occurrence and outcome of the disease. The present study is carried out to see the pattern of leukemia in different ethnic population of upper Assam. Method: 204 cases of leukemias comprising of 120 males and 84 females were analysed focusing on their ethnicity. Result: The highest number of leukemia cases was found in Mongoloids 83 cases (40.69%) followed by Tea tribes 58 cases (28.43%). The highest number of AML (45.74%), ALL (39.13%) and CLL (72.73%) cases were found in Mongoloids while the highest number of CML (34.09%) was found in Tea tribes. Conclusions: Ethnicity is independent of disease type and severity at diagnosis and should be taken into consideration in the management of leukemia patients, especially in terms of social and psychological support. It reflects socioeconomic differences and must be taken into consideration for long time survival of patients with leukemia.

Keywords: Leukemia; Ethnicity and Race. 

Aim: Aim of the study is to review the cytomorphology of granulomatous lymphadenitis on FNAC and confirm with the final histological diagnosis in available cases. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of 40 cases in a tertiary referral hospital, Mediciti Institute of Medical Sciences, was done for a one year period, i.e., from June 2015 to May 2016. Result: 6 cases out of 40 underwent surgery. 3 cases confirmed the original FNAC diagnosis of granulomatous lymphadenitis. The other 3 cases were diagnosed as metastatic squamous cell carcinoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma and diffuse large cell lymphoma respectively. Conclusion: A significant number of cases of FNAC diagnosed as granulomatous lymphadenitis have an identifiable underlying causal pathology. FNAC combined with clinical correlation is the first line investigation that helps to single out those that need further investigation or biopsy. use of additional special stain like ZN stain for AFB and culture for AFB in addition to routine H&E. Use of appropriate stains like PAP stain in suspected metastatic carcinoma and Leishman stain in suspected lymphoma can aid in the diagnosis.

Keywords: Granulomatous Lymphadenitis; FNAC; Carcinoma; Lymphoma. 

Aim: The present study demonstrates the recent experiences in histopathological diagnosis of phyllodes tumor of breast. Material & Methods: Histopathological slides and medical records of eleven cases of phyllodes tumor of breast diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, SRMSIMS, Bareilly from January 2013 to December 2016 were reviewed. Cases were evaluated for degree of stromal cellularity and atypia, mitotic count, stromal overgrowth, and the nature of the tumour borders. Results: The median age at diagnosis was 45 years (range 30 years to 58 years). Mean tumor size was 10.2 cm (range 22cm to 6cm). Tumors predominated on the right side (54.5%). Wide tumorectomy was performed in seven patients and four patients underwent mastectomy. FNAC was performed in seven cases out of which 3 cases were diagnosed as phyllodes, 2 cases showed possibility of phyllodes and 2 cases were diagnosed as fibroadenomas. Histopathologically 10 cases were diagnosed as benign phyllodes and one case was diagnosed as borderline or low malignant potential. There were two cases of recurrent benign phyllodes tumor. Conclusions: The confrontation of our results to the data of the medical literature shows that histological confirmation is required for the diagnosis of phyllode tumors. The treatment of choice is surgery. The prognosis depends on the histological characteristics of these tumors.

Keywords: Phyllodes Tumor; Prognosis; Tumorectomy. 

Background: Several changes in platelet parameters have been reported in Iron deficiency anemia. But underlying mechanism between iron metabolism and megakaryopoiesis is not yet clear. Hence the aim of the study is to evaluate relation between iron and platelet parameters in women with IDA. Materials and Methods: Sixty women with mean age of 33 ± 11 (16 – 78) years with IDA were studied. The relationship between serum iron parameters such as iron, ironbinding capacity, iron saturation and ferritin and platelet parameters such as platelet counts, platelet crit, mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW) and large platelet (LPLT) were evaluated by using Pearson correlation and stepwise logistic regression tests. Results: Thrombocytosis and thrombocytopenia were noted about (77.46% and 22.54% ) respectively. Platelet counts were inversely correlated with serum iron and transferrin saturation (p<0.05). Other iron parameter revealed no significant relationship with any platelet parameters. There was a linear relationship between platelet counts and platelet crit (p<0.001) but inverse relationships betweenplatelet counts and both mean platelet volume and ironsaturation (p<0.001, for both). Also there were a linear relationship between platelet distribution width and mean platelet volume (p<0.001) and an inverse correlationbetween platelet distribution width, Mean platelet volume, Platelet crit with both mean corpuscular volume and Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration p<O.O01). Platelet crit was linearly correlated with platelet count mean platelet volume, and LPLT (p<0.05). There is no significant correlation between platelet crit with any iron parameter. Conclusion: This study concludes important iron parameter affecting the platelet was serum iron and transferrin saturation. Patient with severe anemia had higher platelet count, PCT and MPV. Changes in platelet parameter are due to low levels of tissue iron. Decrease iron saturation also stimulates megakaryopoiesis and iron has inhibitory effect on platelet counts.

Keywords: Iron Deficiency Anemia; Platelets; Women; Thrombocytosis. 

Background: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is characterized by abnormal bleeding that is unrelated to any identifiable cause. The aim of this study is to establish that, DUB is a disorder of angiogenesis by detecting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression on immunohistochemistry(IHC) study of DUB endometria. Material and Methods: It was a cross section study, undertaken at Index Medical College, Indore over a period of 18 months from March 2015 to July 2016. The study includes 100 endometrial dilation and curettage (D&C) and hysterectomy specimen of clinically diagnosed DUB patients. These specimens were studied for histopathology and expression of VEGF. Results: VEGF expression in endometria of DUB patients was significantly higher than in endometria of control group. There was also significant higher expression of VEGF in endometrial hyperplasia. Conclusion: Significantly over expression of VEGF in the endometrial glands in cases of DUB suggest that VEGF plays an important role in the pathogenesis of DUB

Keywords: DUB; Angiogenesis; VEGF; Endometrium. 

Introduction: Ascites represents the pathological collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is the infection of the ascitic fluid. For its diagnosis, the number of polymorphonuclear cell count from the ascitic fluid obtained by diagnostic abdominal paracentesis should equal or exceed 250 cells/ cu.mm and from bacteriological cultures only one type of organism must be isolated. Biochemical analysis is also recommended. It is the most rapid and cost effective method for diagnosing cause of ascites. These patients must be treated with antibiotics aggressively as they have poor prognosis and high mortality if not treated early. Materials and Methods: Study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital, Haryana. All patients under went paracentesis within 24 hours of admission and were diagnosed before giving any antibiotics. Ascitic fluid was submitted in the Central Clinical Laboratory for total and differential leucocyte count, culture and biochemical investigations. Results: Present study included 38 patients of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Various clinical signs and symptoms were studied and followed by comparison statistics for all the variants. Statistical study was done to find the etiology for cirrhosis. Culture study revealed various organisms responsible for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Conclusion: Polymorphonuclear cell count in ascitic fluid without the need of positive culture is helpful in diagnosing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Mortality has decreased because of early diagnosis and effective treatment.

Keywords: Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis; Polymorphonuclear Cell Count; Serum/Ascites Albumin Gradient; Culture. 

Background: The past few years have witnessed a global increase in the prevalence of thyroid cancer, and it is the fifth most common cancer in women. The study intends to estimate the prevalence of thyroid malignancies, and the ageand genderwise distribution of thyroid cancer in a rural setting in India. Methods: The study was conducted on 158 subjects presented with thyroid swelling between January 2015 and December 2016. Demographic and clinical details were obtained from all the patients. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was used for the diagnosis of thyroid lesions. The subjects were classified into various groups based on the age and gender, and the prevalences of various cytological diagnoses were studied. Results: Thyroid swelling was mostly reported in 2140 years age group for women, and in 4160 years age group for men. Out of the 158 smears studied, only 11 (6.96%) were neoplastic. The most commonly reported thyroid lesion was colloid goitre. Neoplastic lesions like papillary thyroid cancer and benign follicular neoplasm were noted in 2.53%, and 4.43% of the subjects respectively. The prevalence of papillary thyroid cancer was comparable in both males and females, whereas benign follicular neoplasm was more common in females. Conclusion: The common thyroid lesion noted was colloid goitre and the most common thyroid malignancy noted was benign follicular neoplasm.

Keywords: Colloid Goitre; Follicular Neoplasm; Papillary Thyroid Cancer; Thyroid Lesions. 

Background: Bone marrow examination is an important diagnostic tool in the evaluation of cases of myelophthisic anemia. Myelophthisis means replacement of bone marrow elements by the tumor tissue, granulomatous inflammations or fibrosis, which further leads to anemia. Methods: our study was retrospective study which reviewed bone marrow examination of 60 cases with myelophthisic anemia in Narayana Medical College and hospital, during a period of 5years (Jan 2011Jan 2016). Result: Our study of 60 cases revealed, 53 cases having neoplastic involvement of bone marrow and 7 cases having nonneoplastic pathology. 53 cases having neoplastic involvement showed 49 cases with haematological and 4 cases with secondary metastatic deposits. In our study 50% cases presented with anemia, 30% with leukoerythroblastic picture, 13.33% cases presented with pancytopenia & 6.66% cases with thrombocytopenia Conclusion: Our study reflected that the common causes of myelophthisic anemia was neoplastic (88.33%) and tuberculosis (42.86%) commonest among the nonneoplastic involvement.

Keywords: Myelophthisic Anemia; Bone Marrow. 

Introduction: Aim of the Study: To study the spectrum of lesions in cervical lymph nodes onFine Needle Aspiration Cytology. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study done over a period of two and half yearsin the department of pathology at Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, Telangana. A total of 330 patients with cervical lymphadenopathy were evaluated. The detailed clinical history was recorded before performing FNAC. Other relevant radiological investigations were also noted for correlation. Results: FNACs was done in 350 cases who presented with enlarged cervical lymph nodes. There were 20 inadequate aspirates which were excludedfrom the study. Age group ranged from1 to 70 years. Majority of the patients (33.3%) were in the age group 2130 years and male to female ratio was 2.3:1. Tuberculous lymphadenitis was the most common diagnosis. Conclusion: FNAC of lymph nodes is very useful and simple procedure in the initial diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathies.

Keywords: Cervical Lymphnode; Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology; Tuberculosis. 

Introduction: India has high prevalence of HCV in blood donors, which is easily transmitted through infected blood. The aim of the present study is to determine the seroprevalence of HCV in 14727 blood donors in Davangere. Materials & Methods: The present study was conducted to detect Hepatitis C in blood donors (voluntary and replacement donors) for two years & screening done by ELISA (3rd generationUBIR, HCV EIA.40 kit). Results: Seroprevalence of HCV was 0.33%, among which 85% were males (13292) and the remaining were females donors (1435).Among 43 positive donors, one donor was illiterate and the remaining 42 were literate. Out of the total positive donors, married donors showed 0.42% and unmarried showed 0.18% seropositivity. Most of the seropositive individuals were in reproductive age group (1840) Highest prevalence was in age 1835 years. A, B and O group donors were almost equal in number with AB group constituting least number of donors. Conclusion: In conclusion, the present study has established the prevalence the HCV antibody in healthy donors was 0.29% in our area (Davangere). This proves that compulsory screening for HCV lowers the incidence of post transfusion hepatitis (PTH).

Keywords: HCV; Hepatitis C Virus; Sero Prevalence; Blood Donors.

Introduction: Red cell distribution width (RDW), a numeric measure of variability in the size of circulating erythrocytes is a routinely reported haematological parameter commonly part of complete blood cell count. RDW was found to be a strong independent predictor of poor outcome in a variety of cardiovascular disease states even after adjustment for potential confounders, including anaemia and renal dysfunction. The present study was undertaken to analyze the variation in RDW, Hb% and MCV in elderly patients with various illnesses. Aim and Objective: 1. To study the pattern of Red cell Distribution width (RDW) in elderly patients in different diseases. 2. To correlate increased RDW values with other RBC parameters like Hb% and MCV. Materials and Methods: Material for the study consisted of RBC parameters like Hb%, MCV of consecutive patients aged more than 65 years, who had increased RDW, irrespective of their sex and illness which were retrieved from laboratory records. These patients (both in patients and out patients) were referred to haematology laboratory whose Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid (EDTA) blood samples were analyzed by automated hematology analyser (Horiba Abxpentraxl 80.303pxl 5748 analyzer). Relevant clinical data of these patients like age, sex and clinical diagnoses were also obtained from the clinical records. Data analyzed was expressed in numerals and percentage. Results: Out of 196 patients, blood samples of 60(30.16%) patients had increased RDW, out of which 39(65%) were males and 21(35%) were females. IHD formed the major portion of patients with increased RDW comprising of 31(51.66%) patients. 36 patients had Hb<10gm %( 59.9%) and 40 (66.6%) patients had MCV <70fL. Conclusion: Most of the patients with increased RDW were those with IHD. Majority of them were males. The biologic mechanisms underlying the association of RDW with various diseases merit investigation. RDW is an inexpensive test routinely reported to physicians, further research is needed to determine whether RDW is an useful risk assessment tool in different clinical settings apart from the ones which are proved.

Keywords: RDW; Elderly Patients; IHD. 

Materials and Methods: Four months study was conducted at Index Medical college, Department of Pathology. The initial rapid diagnosis of diabetes was confirmed followed by homocysteine level by ELISA method. Results: Out of 45 diabetic patients enrolled in the study, 36 patients (80% of 36 patients) had blood sugars values <200 mg/dl and 9 patients (20% of 36 patients) had random blood sugar values >200 mg/dl. Out of 23 patients (100% of the 45 patients) with normal homocysteine values, 18 patients (78.26%) had random blood sugar values <200 mg/dl and 5 patients (21.74 Objective: Hyperhomocysteinemia is strongly associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients %) had random blood sugar values >200 mg/ dl. Out of the 22 patients with abnormal plasma homocysteine values, 18 patients (81.82% of the 22 patients) had random blood sugar values <200 mg/dl and 4 patients (18. 18%) had random blood sugar value >200 mg/dl. Conclusion: A regular monitoring of homocysteine levels appears to be a useful strategy to reduce the morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients.

Keywords: Homocysteine; Diabetes; Cardiovascular Diseases. 

Background: Gastrointestinal tumors account for a large proportion of all neoplasms. Colorectal cancer ranks second and stomach cancer ranks fourth amongst the most common tumors of the world, according to the World Cancer Report of 2000. Aims: The present study was undertaken with a view 1) To determine the frequency of GIT tumors with respect to age, sex and site of lesion in our institute. 2) To classify the GIT tumor according to WHO classification. Material and Methods: This was a prospective study over three years period. Gross and histopathological examination of the specimens was done, for assessing appearance and extent of lesion. Stains used were routine hematoxylin and eosin stain. Special stains such as Periodic acid Schiff (PAS), Alcian blue, Mucicarmine were done wherever required. The clinicopathological data was analyzed and observations were noted. Results: Of 129 cases of GI tumours, 98% were malignant and 1.6% was benign. GI malignancies had a peak in 5160 years. M: F ratio was 1.1:1. Colorectal cancers occurred most commonly followed by oesophagus, stomach and small intestine in descending order. Conclusion: There is a need to conduct detailed studies before these societies are transformed into westernlike environments. Otherwise we may miss an unique opportunity to understand the factors that could prevent many cancers in the world.

Keywords: GIT; Tumor; Colorectal; Cancer; Oesophagus; Stomach; Histopathology; Small Intestine 

Introduction: Cytomorphologic features of benign breast lesions which encompasses majority of palpable breast lesions have not been studied in great detail. Aim and objective: To study the cytomorphological aspects of benign breast lesions in patients with an apparent breast lump and their histopathological correlation. To find accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of benign breast lesions. Material and Methods: The present study included 200 prospective cases of benign breast lesions presenting with palpable breast lump in the outpatient department. FNAC was carried out on all of them. Cytomorphological features were studied and correlated with clinicohistopathological features. Results: The most common lesion in our study was fibroadenoma followed by fibrocystic disease. The diagnostic accuracy was 89.16%. Conclusion: FNAC is a simple, rapid, cost effective, highly sensitive and specific procedure in diagnosing benign breast lesions.

Keywords: Benign Breast Lesions; Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC). 

Introduction: The present study of Urothelial carcinoma is intended to include: Retrospective hospital based observational study of paraffin section of old block and cases attending our hospital. Material Methods: The study is conducted in the Department of Pathology at SRMS IMS, during a period of 21 months, 1st January 201330th September 2014. Total 80 cases of Urothelial Carcinoma were included in the study. Tumour is classified according to WHO classification and all the 80 cases were subjected to Immunohistochemical study for p53 from the representative areas. Samples demonstrating at least 10% nuclear reactivity were considered positive for p53. Results: Out of 4 cases of PUNLMP, 1 case (25%) was positive for p53. Out of 27 cases of Low grade papillary urothelial carcinoma, 4 cases (14.8%) were positive for p53. Out of 48 cases of High grade papillary urothelial carcinoma, 28 cases (58.3%) were positive for p53. 1 case of Mucinous adenocarcinoma with signet ring change was positive for p53. Discussion: The present study results were in consistency with the other studies, i.e a higher rate of p53 protein positive staining was seen in high grade tumor. Conclusions: p53 alterations are significantly associated to clinicopathological features of poor prognosis, the inclusion of p53 mutation status into a predictive panel of tumor markers for bladder cancer is recommended.

Keywords: p53; Urinary Bladder Carcinoma; IHC.

Background: Micronucleus in buccal mucosa exfoliative cells is essential to have reliable and relevant minimally invasive biomarkers to improve the implementation of biomonitoring, diagnostics, and treatment of disease caused by, or associated with genetic damage. Methods: The present retrospective study was carried in 100 persons in which 25 persons were alcohol consumers, 25 persons were tobacco smokers, 25 persons were both alcohol consumers and tobacco smokers and 25 persons were control group, in the department of pathology, Narayana Medical College & Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India, during the period of January 2016 to December 2016. Cytological smears was fixed in ethyl alcohol and then stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin staining technique and assessed for micronuclei count. Result: The micronucleus count in “A” group was a mean count of 4.89 micronuclei, where as the mean micronucleus count in “S” group was 5.36. The “A+ S” group had the mean micronucleus count of 5.98 and the control group had a mean micronucleus count of 3.67. Conclusion: The present study was undertaken to observe the micronucleus count and micronucleus index among smokers (S group), alcoholics (A group) and smokers and alcoholics together (A+S group) and compare with controls (C group) that had no such life style habits. In this study there was a significant difference between smokers and controls which seem to be more prominent in cases of both smoking and alcoholic group when compared to controls and the significance of alcohol only, was not well proven.

Keywords: Buccal Mucosa; Micronucleus. 

Background: Intraoperative cytology preparation was first introduced by Eisenhart and Cushing in early 1930s. With the advent of CT and MRI guided stereotactic biopsies, smear technique has gained importance because of technical simplicity and good preservation of cytological and nuclear details at low expense. Aims: 1. To study various patterns of central nervous system [CNS] lesions in squash cytology and histopathology. 2. To correlate cytological diagnosis with histopathology. 3. To evaluate the diagnostic utility of intraoperative squash cytology. Settings and Study Design: Analytical study at tertiary care hospital. Material and Methods: Hundred cases were analyzed. Squash smears were prepared from biopsy samples sent in isotonic saline. The smears were stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin [H &E] and Papaniculaou [PAP] stain. Histopathological evaluation was done subsequently from biopsy samples sent in formalin. Special stains were performed in selected cases. Cytomorphological features were correlated with histopathology. Statistical Analysis: Frequencies, ChiSquare Test and Crosstabs were used for calculation. Results: Histopathological diagnosis of hundred cases included neoplastic lesions [90%] and nonneoplastic lesions [10%]. Correct diagnosis was achieved by squash cytology in 68 cases [73.11%] by complete correlation. However, diagnostic accuracy improved considerably [84.94%] after applying partial correlation criteria. For the detection of neoplastic lesions, squash cytology had sensitivity of 95.29%, specificity of 75% and efficacy of 93.54%. The p value, determining efficacy of squash cytology for detecting CNS neoplasms was statistically significant [p<0.005]. Conclusions: Squash cytology is a reliable, rapid and inexpensive intraoperative diagnostic tool. It has high sensitivity and is highly efficacious procedure.

Keywords: Neurosurgical; Squash Cytology; Histopathology; IntraOperative; Diagnostic Accuracy.

Background: Getting adequate exfoliated cells in serous fluids is not an easy task and diagnosis is in dilemma which not only hampers patient’s outcome but also confuses pathologists. Materials from patients submitted in the form of fluids for cytological examination can be evaluated in two fashions :1. Smear technique following centrifugation of the specimen 2. Cell block technique. The present study was done to 1. Evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of routine staining method and cell block technique 2. To diagnose the type of malignancy and to know primary site of malignant effusion by special stains and IHC wherever possible. Methods: Fluids from aspirates of body cavities i.e. pleural, pericardial, peritoneal were collected over a period of two years from September 2014 to July 2016. Fluids obtained were first examined by naked eye for physical characteristics and then processed in two halves. One portion was prepared as conventional method and the other was processed by Cell block technique. Smears obtained were studied and compared. Result: One hundred and four samples were subjected to diagnostic evaluation. Along with conventional smear, fluids were subjected to cell block technique. The age of the patients ranged from 5 to 92 years. Male: female ratio was 0.7:1. The samples were categorized into benign, malignant lesions and suspicious for malignant cells. Additional yield for malignancy was obtained by cell block method when compared to conventional smears. Conclusion: Cell block method provides an additional yield of malignant cells, and thereby, increases the sensitivity of the cytodiagnosis when compared to conventional smear method and use of IHC help to identify primary site of malignancy giving more definitive diagnosis.

Keywords: Cell Block; Conventional Smear; IHC. 

The study is a prospective study undertaken on endometrial curettings from clinically diagnosed cases of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). The objectives were to analyze the histomorhological patterns of endometrium in clinically diagnosed cases of AUB in different age groups in comparison with the other similar studies. Patients from all the age groups were included in the study and all types of pregnancy complications were excluded from the study. The endometrial biopsy material, fixed in 10% formalin was processed, sections were cut from blocks prepared from paraffin, stained with H&E and studied. A total of 100 endometrial biopsies from clinically diagnosed AUB patients were studied histopathologically. Out of these 46% were simple hyperplasia, 22% were proliferative endometrium, 9% were complex hyperplasia, 8%were secretory phase, disordered proliferative endometrium and endometrial polyp were 4% each, anovulatory endometrium and adenocarcinoma were 2% each, chronic endometritis , inadequate secretory phase and pillendometrium were 1% each. Majority of the patients in the present study were in the age groups of 4150yrs. Most common presenting complaint in the present study was menorrhagia. In conclusion it is observed that AUB is most common in perimenopausal age groups with histomorphological pattern of simple hyperplasia, followed by normal proliferative pattern, secretory pattern and endometrial carcinoma is seen in older age groups and most commonly presenting with post menopausal bleeding. Histopathological findings in the endometrial biopsies of these patients help to detect & differentiate between functional causes and organic lesions there by facilitating appropriate patient management.

Keywords: Abnormal Uterine Bleeding; Simple Hyperplasia; Menorrhagia.

Background: Papulosquamous skin diseases are amongst the most important dermatological lesions because of their high prevalence. Clinical and histopathological distinction of each of them is of paramount importance because of different treatment modalities and prognosis. Aim: To analyse and classify the cases with non infectious erythematous papulosquamous lesions; psoriasiform and lichenoid dermatitis based on histomorphological characteristics. Materials and Methods: In present study 100 cases of noninfectious erythematous papulosquamous skin disorders were histopathologically examined to analyse the characteristic features in psoriasis and lichenoid dermatitis. Study was done for a period of one and a half year from March 2015 to July 2016. Results: Out of 100 cases of papulosquamous lesions, we encountered 80 cases with histomorphological features consistent with Lichen planus (44%) and psoriasis (36%). These features were analysed and correlated with the clinical diagnosis. Conclusion: Psoriasis and Lichen planus comprise the bulk of papulosquamous skin disorders (80/100 cases). The age group of 2140 years was most frequently involved with both the disease showing male preponderance. The present study signifies the advantage of coherent use of clinical examination and histopathological study in making an accurate diagnosis.

Keywords: Papulosquamous; Erythematous; Lichen Planus; Psoriasis; Histopathology. 

Introduction: Thyroid gland is very often subjected to FNAC as thyroid enlargement is a common clinical problem and also due to its easy accessibility for the procedure. Hurthle cells are commonly encountered in thyroid aspirates from varied etiology. Aim of the Study: To find the significance of Hurthle cells in thyroid cytology and to note the cytological features that would differentiate reliably between different lesions containing Hurthle cells. Materials and Methods: This was a two yearstudy conducted in the Department of Pathology, at NRI Institute of Medical Sciences, Visakhapatnam. A total of 858 thyroid aspirates were done of which 240 cases showed Hurthle cells. These 240 cases consisted of the study group in which histopathology examination was done in 107 cases. There were 229 female and 11 male patients in the age groups of 10 to 70 years. Observations and Results: Hurthle cells were seen in 240 (11.6%) cases. Non neoplastic and neoplastic Hurthle cell lesions comprised 222 (92.5%) and 18 (7.5%) cases respectively.There was a female predominance with the male to female ratio being 1:20. There were 201 cases (83.7%) with non neoplastic and 39 (16.2%) with neoplastic etiology. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, nodular goiter and follicular adenomas commonly showed Hurthle cells. For Hurthle cell lesions, important cytological features were predominantly monomorphic Hurthle cell population, macronucleoli and absence of inflammatory cells. There was good agreement between the cytology and histopathological examination. Conclusion: Hurthle cells are seen in various lesions of thyroid. The presence of>50% of Hurthlecells in an aspirate indicates a Hurthle cell neoplasm.Aspiration cytology in Hurthle cell lesions can differentiate non neoplastic lesions from neoplastic lesions with high accuracy, but differentiation between benign and malignant neoplasms is less reliable.

Keywords: Thyroid FNAC; Hurthle Cells; Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis; Thyroid Histopathology. 

Introduction: Brucellosis is a major zoonosis in the developing countries including India. The reported incidence of human brucellosis in endemic areas varies widely, from <0.01 to >200 per lakh population. Despite being endemic in many developing countries, brucellosis remains underdiagnosed and underreported. Interpretation of the serological tests is often difficult in endemic areas due to presence of antibodies against Brucella in high proportion of the population . Hence estimation of normal baseline titers of Brucella agglutinins in healthy individuals residing in endemic areas and the cutoff values are necessary for the serodiagnosis of brucellosis. AIM: To determine the baseline titre of brucella agglutinins, amongst apparently healthy blood donors in Dhule, Maharashtra, India. Materials and Methods: A total of 480 serum samples were analyzed by RBPT and STAT method for detection of Brucella Agglutinins over period of 6 months from July 2016 to December 2016. These agglutination tests were performed according to manufacturer‘s guidelines by using commercial kits containing stained Brucella abortus Antigen suspension. Result: Of these 480 samples 32 (6.7%) were positive for Brucella agglutinins by RBPT. Of these 32 RBPT positive samples 22(4.6%) showed agglutination by STAT. Amongst 22 STAT positive samples 15 samples were found positive for Brucella agglutinins at 1:40 and 7 samples were positive at 1:80. Conclusion: As RBPT is very sensitive test and its results should be confirmed by STAT. Since the base line titre of 1:80 by STAT was demonstrated in healthy individuals, titres 1:160 and above should be considered significant along with consistent clinical features.

Keywords: Brucellosis; Baseline Titre; RBPT; STAT; Agglutinins. 

Background: Platelet indices are potentially useful markers for the early detection of the thromboembolic diseases. Platelets are known to be implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders including atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Platelet hyperactivity and activation have been suggested to play a role in acute coronary syndrome. The degree of activation is indirectly measured by platelet indices viz. mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW) and platelet counts (PC). Hence the present study is undertaken to analyse these parameters in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Objectives: To determine platelet indices and platelet count in cases and compare it with healthy controls. Materials and Methods: This was a comparative study which included 107 cases diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome and 100 age and sex matched healthy controls. The platelet indices and platelet count of both the groups were obtained by automated hematoanalyser. Plalelet counts thus obtained were confirmed by peripheral smear study. These data were entered in Microsoft excel and analysed using the EPI.INFO version 7.0. Results: The MPV & PDW were significantly higher in cases with ACS as compared to controls. Conclusion: Measurement of platelet indices and platelet count is a simple and cost effective tool that can be used as a marker of coagulation.

Keywords: Platelet Indices; Platelet Distribution Width; Mean Platelet Volume; Platelet Count; Acute Coronary Syndrome. 

Introduction: Cancer of the bladder and of prostate are commonmalignancies all over the world. In some cases it is difficult to point to the exact primary due to the anatomical location and morphology of the tumors from these two sites. Various immunohistochemical markers can be used to identify the primary site and p63 is one such marker. Aim of the study: To study the expression of p63 in urothelial carcinoma and prostatic adenocarcinoma so as to differentiate between the two carcinomas. Materials and Methods: In this study, formalin fixed paraffin blocks from 60 cases of urothelial carcinomas of urinary bladder and 20 cases of prostatic adenocarcinomas were examined on light microscopy and tissue sections from all 80 cases were studied for immunohistochemical staining with p63 marker. Observations and Results: The mean age of patients of urothelial carcinoma and of prostate carcinoma was 54.1 and 64.5 years respectively. There were 28 cases (46.6%) of low grade and 32 cases (53.3%) of high grade urothelial carcinomas. The Gleason score for prostatic carcinoma was 56 for 8 patients, 78 for 9 patients and 910 for 3 patients.In 60 urothelial carcinomas 90% of cases showed p63 positivity. All the 20 cases of prostatic adenocarcinomas were negative for p63. Conclusion: p63 is a reliable marker of urothelial differentiation and it can be used in morphologically difficult cases when the differential diagnosis is between poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of prostate and high grade urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder.

Keywords: Urothelial Carcinoma of Bladder; Prostatic Carcinoma; p63 Staining.

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is irregular uterine bleeding that occurs in the absence of recognizable pelvic pathology, general medical disease, or pregnancy. Endometrial biopsy is often the first diagnostic tool in a case of dysfunctional uterine bleeding. A total of 161 cases were analysed during a period of two years, from January 2015 to January 2017 in the Department of Pathology, BGS Global Institute of Medical Sciences. The frequency of the various endometrial patterns with comparison of the patterns in different age groups was observed and documented.

Keywords: Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding; Endometrium; Dilatation and Curettage. 

Introduction: Neonatal sepsis has always been a significant health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries. Since it is a treatable condition, it has to be diagnosed at the earliest to initiate treatment and to avoid abuse of antibiotics. Objectives: To study the various changes associated with platelets in neonatal sepsis, and to check the diagnostic value of these markers in the early diagnosis of sepsis in neonates. Study and Design: This is a crosssectional analytical study. Methods: This is a study on the evaluation of platelet count and platelet indices viz, Platelet Distribution Width (PDW) and Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) in neonatal sepsis on blood obtained from neonates with a clinical suspicion of sepsis. A total of 100 cases were included for the study. The platelet count and platelet indices were obtained using automated haematology analyser. Leishman stained smears were studied for platelet count and morphology and correlated with blood culture results. Results: PDW showed sensitivity and specificity of 82% and 73 % respectively. MPV showed sensitivity and specificity of 76% and 40 % respectively. Thrombocytopenia showed sensitivity and specificity of 64% and 82 % respectively. Conclusion: Platelet Distribution Width was the most sensitive marker (82%). Thrombocytopenia was the most specific marker (82%). Owing to the diagnostic confusion that usually surrounds Neonatal Sepsis due to the myriad of clinical features it presents, platelet studies could be used as easily accessible and inexpensive tools for the early detection and treatment of this condition.

Keywords: Platelet Indices; Thrombocytopenia; Neonatal Sepsis. 

Introduction: Carcinoma from almost all the organs has a tendency for regional metastasis. Nodal status is a key prognostic indicator in such patients, particularly with N0 stage. Occult metastasis in the form of micrometastasis (MM) and isolated tumor cells (ITCs), often goes undetected by routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) examination using 12 sections for analysis. This limitation could be overcome by combining serial sectioning (SS) with immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the detection of MM. Cytokeratin (CK7) is particularly a useful marker to detect these deposits as their presence has resulted in varied interpretations and different applications of the tumornodemetastasis system. The objective of the study was to detect micrometastases in lymph nodes reported negative on H & E staining by combining SS and IHC and to compare it with conventional H&E staining. Methods: The study was conducted on 181 LNs received from 77 patients which were negative on H &E. The lymph nodes (LNs) positive on H & E were not taken up for the study. IHS with CK7 was performed on these lymph nodes for detection of micrometastsis. Results: The application of combination of SS and IHC using CK7 in our study revealed the presence of MM in 14.36% of the LNs diagnosed as negative on routine H&E examination. Conclusion: In the view of crucial role of occult LN metastasis in prognosis and survival of patients, diagnostic tools such as IHC staining, particularly with CK7, combined with SS should be preferred over conventional methods as they result in upstaging, thus sparing the lowrisk patients the morbidity of unnecessary treatment.

Keywords: Micrometastasis; Lymph Nodes; Immunohistochemistry; Cytokeratin7; Serial Sectioning. 

Introduction: Numerous terminologies are used to describe abnormal uterine bleedingmenorrhagia, metrorrhagia, polymenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, intrmenstrual and postcoital bleeding [6]. The spectrum of cervical changes in perimenopausal age ranges from cervicitis to dysplasia to frank malignancy. Methodology: A total of 415 hysterectomy specimens of perimenopausal age group received at Department of Pathology, Hassan Institute of medical sciences, Hassan between the period of January 2015 and December 2016 were included. Results: The predominant histomorphological pattern in endometrium was proliferative phase (48.43%). Endometrial hyperplasia was seen in 72 cases, out of which atypia was seen in 6 cases. In 7 cases endometrial polyps were seen. 6 cases (1.44%) showed endometrial carcinoma. Conclusion: other than malignant lesions, benign neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions should also be considered in the evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding cases

Keywords: Hysterectomy; Histopathology; Endometrium. 

Not provided

Introduction: Alkaptonuric ochronosis is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder resulting from deficiency of homogentisic acid oxidase enzyme leading to deposition of homogentisic acid in various tissues of the body (ochronosis). The most common clinical features are arthritic changes in weight-bearing joints, lumbosacral degenerative disc disease, dark brown discoloration of urine on air exposure, ocular and cutaneous pigmentation, coronary and valvular calcification and renal calculi formation. Histopathological examination from cutaneous/bony lesion is confirmatory. Case History: 52 year old female sustained a stress fracture of the right femoral neck, necessitating surgical repair, which showed black pigmentation of the femoral head and glenoid labrum. On examination pigmentation of the sclera and ear lobe was also noted. Further work up and histopathological examination with histochemistry confirmed it as a case of Ochronotic arthritis. Conclusion: The case is being presented for its rarity.

Keywords: Ochronosis; Homogetisic Acid Oxidase

 Background: High level of CA 125 with associated ovarian mass is highly suspicious of ovarian carcinoma but the possibility of other benign conditions with associated pelvic mass and elevated CA 125 also to be considered. Case Report: We present a case of 51 year old female, who presented with menorrhagia and a pelvic mass with a raised CA 125 of 983.1 U/ml. With a clinical diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma, she underwent staging laparotomy and post operative specimen was subjected for histopathological examination. The biopsy showed benign cystic teratoma with endometriosis in the opposite ovary. Conclusion: The present case emphasizes that not all pelvic masses with raised CA 125 should prompt the diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma, there are various other benign conditions which should be included in the differential diagnosis of a perimenopausal woman. Good clinical history and screening for other benign conditions should be given importance in such patients.

Keywords: Elevated CA 125; Benign Cystic Teratoma; Endometriosis

Introduction: Filariasis is a major health problem in tropical countries including India. Fine needle aspiration cytology plays an important role in prompt recognition of disease. Extranodalfilariasis is a rare entity, and the breast is also one of the sites for filariasis. Patients commonly present with an underlying lump that may occasionally mimic malignancy. The disease mainly involves the lymphatic system of the body. The most frequently involved lymphatics are those of the lower limbs, retroperitoneal tissues, glands, spermatic cord, and epididymis. Lymphatic filariasis is mostly caused by Wuchereriabancrofti and Brugiamalayi. However, filarial breast nodule is a very rare finding even in an endemic region. Here, we present 4 cases of filarial breast lump diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology. Case Series: The present cases included incidentally detected four cases of microfilaria in breast aspirates along with the associated underlying breast pathology. Conclusion: Filarial breast nodule is rare, and it often mimics a neoplastic breast lesion. FNAC is a very effective diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of filarial breast lesion and it helps avoid unnecessary surgical procedure. It should be considered as a differential diagnosis for short-lasting nodular breast lump, especially in countries like India, where filariasis is an endemic disease.

Keywords: Microfilaria; Cytology; Breast Lump.

Platelet Satellitism (PS) is a unique, uncommon phenomenon seen in peripheral blood smears prepared from Ethylene Diamine Tetra acetic Acid (EDTA) mixed blood. PS may lead to a misdiagnosis of thrombocytopenia unless peripheral smears are examined carefully. Here, we describe two case of PS incidentally detected during routine check-up.

Keywords: Pseudothrombocytopenia; Satelletism; Platelet; EDTA.

Introduction: Transfusion transmitted infections (TTI) are major risk factors for blood transfusion. To increase the blood safety IDNAT has been introduced along with compulsory donor screening tests in all NACO assisted blood banks by Government of Karnataka and KSAPS from Dec. 2011. To evaluate the safety benefits of introducing IDNAT and to estimate the seroprevalence of infectious markers TTI and their yearly trends among blood donors, a retrospective studywas conducted at Blood bank of Hassan Institute of Medical sciences, Hassan, Karnataka. Materials and Methods: Blood bank records were reviewed retrospectively from January 2013 to December 2016. Results of mandatory serological tests and NAT Yield cases were compared. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate the prevalence of TTI and to show their yearly trends for four consecutive years. Result: Total numbers of blood units collected during study period were 18,694. Voluntary donors were 69% and Replacement donors were 31%. Out of 176 infective cases detected 23 were serologically non reactive but NAT reactive giving a high NAT yield of 1 in 812 cases.Overall prevalence of TTI was 0.94% and seroprevalence of HIV (0.08% ), HBV ( 0.80%), HCV (0.06% ), Syphilis (0.01% ). An increasing trend of HBV infection and decreasing trend of HIV, HCV were observed among blood donors in these four consecutive years. Conclusion: The present study population showedcomparatively low prevalence of Transfusion transmitted infection and it clearly indicated the benefits of IDNAT screening for the improvement of blood safety.

Keywords: IDNAT; Blood Safety; Blood Transfusion.

 Introduction: Cardiac autopsy is the main diagnostic tool to study various histomorphological changes in normal and diseased heart. An autopsy study gives a good measure of the prevalence, grading and distribution pattern of atherosclerotic lesion especially in developing country where resources are limited. Methodology: This retrospective study was conducted in Department of Pathology, Hassan Institute of medical sciences, Hassan . The study period was between January 2013 to August 2016. Heart specimens were obtained from medico legal autopsy performed in the Department of Forensic Medicine,Hassan Institute of Medical science. Heart specimens received as a part of examination of multiple viscera or only heart was taken out from dead body for pathological examination. Results: Out of 149 autopsied heart130( 87%) of cases showed significant coronary artery atherosclerosis in one or more vessels and Triple artery disease was commonest involvement seen in 114 (76%) cases. Conclusion: This study highlights the cardiovascular risk factor screening from early ages of third decades. Most of our observation correlated with the similar studies.

Keywords: Coronary Atherosclerosis; Histopaothology; Heart Autopsy.

Context: Blood transfusion is a life saving measure in various medical and surgical emergencies. Transfusion medicine, apart from being important for the medical treatment of each patient, also has great public health importance. Aims: The aim of our study was to know the prevalence of transfusion transmissible infections among blood donors in our college hospital blood bank. Settings & Design: Retrospective study conducted for 2 years. Methods & Material: This was a retrospective study conducted at the blood transfusion centre of a tertiary care hospital.Voluntary donors were evaluated for the prevalence of HIV, HBS Ag, HCV, Syphilis and Malaria. All the samples were screened by third generation ELISA Kits for HIV, HBsAg and HCV, by Rapid Plasma Reagin method for Syphilis, and by Immunochromatographic test for detection of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax antigen. Results: Total number of voluntary blood donors in the two year period were 3355. The seroprevalence of HIV, HBsAg, HCV were 0.42%, 1.88% and 0.29% respectively. No blood donors were tested positive for syphilis and malaria. Conclusions: Blood is still one of the main sources of transmission of infections. HIV, HBsAg , HCV are still prevalent among voluntary donors.

Keywords: Seroprevalence; Hepatitis B.; Hepatitis C.; Human Immunodeficiency Virus; Donors.

Background: Platelet indices viz. Mean platelet volume (MPV), Platelet distribution width (PDW) and Platelet large cell ratio (P-LCR) are measured in the automated cell counter. These indices are well utilized for certain conditions like idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, aplastic anemia and other hemotological disorders to assess the prognosis. Platelet count is decreased in various conditions including infectious and non-infectious disease processes. Infectious conditions like dengue fever, malaria, rickettsia, leptospirosis cause fever and variable degree of thrombocytopenia. Hence a detailed study of platelet indices is undertaken in patients having fever with thrombocytopenia. Materials & Methods: Present study was a prospective study. A total of 150 patients were included over a period of 1 year from Jan 2011 to Dec 2011. Detailed histories, physical and clinical examination of the patients were done to assess the etiology of febrile thrombocytopenia. Serological investigations for dengue fever, leptospirosis and rickettsia were done for confirmation. Results: Majority of the cases were of viral fever (72.6%), which includes dengue fever (10.6%), followed by malaria (15.3%), septicemia (4.6%), enteric fever (4%), leptospirosis (2%), rickettsia & brucellosis (0.6%). The platelet indices PDW (74.6%), MPV (86.6%), P-LCR (80.6%) showed less significant changes. Conclusion: Platelet indices are not changed significantlyin febrile thrombocytopenic patients. Whenever patient with thrombocytopenia presents with changes in platelet indices, non infectious conditions should also be considered in differential diagnosis to manage the patients effectively for better clinical outcomes.

Keywords: Febrile Thrombocytopenia; Platelet Indices.

Context: Transfusion dependent anemia importantly includes thalassemia patients. Thalassemia major is most common monogenic disorder in the world. Thalassemia is a major problem not only for the patients and their families but also for each country’s public health systems with regard to treatment expenses including regular injections, iron chelating agents, frequent hospitalizations and other medical consistencies and they are vulnerable to, social and psychological problems. Aims: Determination of prevalence and severity of depression in transfusion dependent thalassemia major patients attending a tertiary care hospital. Settings and Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods and Material: The study was done at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Thalassemia major patients who received blood transfusions for 2 to 4 weeks interval in the hospital were included in this study. Hamilton Anxiety rating (HAM-A) scale and Hamilton Depression rating scale (HAMD) were used to diagnose the severity for each case. Statistical Analysis Used: WHO Epi Info 7 software was used. Categorical data was expressed in terms of rates, ratios and percentage. Results: Males (83.33%) outnumbered females (13.34%) with male to female ratio of 4:1. Nearly half of the study population was aged between 10 to 12 years. Out of 30 patients, 25 were males and 5 were females. Age range was 10 -18 years with mean age of 12.45 ± 2.41 years. The prevalence of depression was 44.34% with majority showing mild depression. The prevalence of anxiety was 36.67% with majority showing mild severity followed by mild to moderate severity. Conclusions: This study help to understand emotional disorders and the severity of anxiety and depression in  thalassemia patients who are chronically ill and undergo prolonged treatment. Early assessment and treatment by psychiatrist will surely help to have good psychological condition.

Keywords: Transfusion Dependent; Thalassemia; Depression; Anxiety.

Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. Women with GDM alone or with type 2 DM are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in future. Literature has shown that platelets play a significant role in the pathogenesis of GDM.There are very few studies relating GDM and platelet parameters emphasized on platelet count (PLT), Mean platelet volume (MPV) and Platelet distribution width (PDW) but not about plateletcrit (PCT) and P-LCR (platelet large cell ratio). The objective of this present study is to compare the platelet parameters including platelet count (PLT), MPV, PDW, PCT and P-LCR in gestational diabetic subjects with healthy pregnant women and to evaluate the effect of GDM on platelet parameters. Materials and Methods: Prospective cross sectional study was conducted for 6 months duration. Ninety GDM patients diagnosed by Oral glucose challenge test (OCT) and Oral glucose tolerance test (OGT) along with ninety normal pregnant females as control were taken up for study. Investigation panel including platelet parameters were done. Results: Statistically significant increase was noted in MPV (p<0.002) and platelet distribution width (p<0.004)and significant decrease was noted in platelet count (p<0.01) in gestational diabetics compared with control group. PCT is decreased in test group but it is only weekly significant (p<0.09), there is no significant difference in P-LCR (p<0.25) among the groups. Conclusion: Determination of these platelet parameters are simple, inexpensive, routinely available and can be used as a predictive markers to identify GDM patients who are at increased risk of CVD in later life.

Keywords: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus; Platelet Parameters; Predictive Value; Screening Methods.

Background and Objectives: The evaluation and management of various hepatic lesions is a common clinical problem and their appropriate management depends on accurate diagnosis. Aim of the study is to study the cytomorphological features of various neoplastic lesions of liver and role of ultrasonography guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of liver malignancies. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients with evidence of liver disease underwent USG guided percutaneous FNAC . Cytomorphologicaldiagnosis were correlated with clinical, biochemical and radiological findings. Results: The age of the patients ranged from 6yrs to 75yrs with 40% males and 60% females. Of the 50 patients the cytological diagnosis of malignancies were rendered in 40 patients and smears of the 10 patients were benign, inflammatory and hemorrhagic. The primary liver lesions were more common than the metastatic lesions. The commonest primary liver malignancy was hepatocellular carcinoma followed by cholangiocarcinoma and hepatoblastoma. The metastatic lesion predominantly was adenocarcinoma. Conclusion: USG guided FNAC of the liver is a safe, simple, cost effective and accurate method for cytological diagnosis of hepatic malignancies.

Keywords: Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Cholangiocarcinoma; Metastatic Adenocarcinoma.

Background: Transfusion transmitted diseases continues to be a major threat for safe transfusion practices. Lack of study from this part of the country propelled us to conduct this study. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective hospital record based study conducted in a blood bank of a rural tertiary care medical college hospital at Karwar, Karnataka, India. Five year data of blood donors with transfusion transmitted infections (TTIs) were evaluated and analyzed. Results: Among the 2655 donors screened, males (88.5%) were predominant. Among donors screened, hepatitis B (0.67%) was the most common TTI screened. No cases of Hepatitis C was seen during the study period. Conclusion: Prevalence of TTI amongst blood donors in the present study is comparatively low compared to various studies. Larger studies are necessary to predict overall prevalence in this part of the country. Being a smaller blood bank does give better screening strategies and improved donor recruitment, thereby improving blood safety.

Keywords: Blood Donors; TTI; Rural; Hepatitis B.

Background and Objectives: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an accurate, cost effective and safe technique for diagnosing neoplastic lesions of the bone. Objective of the study is to know the utility of fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of bone tumors and assess the diagnostic accuracy of this technique. Materials and Methods: FNA of bone was performed in 30cases. Smears prepared were fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol and stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin. 9 smears were considered unsatisifactory as they contained acellular hemorrhagic aspirates. The remaining 21 smears were classified as malignant lesion(12) and benign lesions (9). 15 out of the 21 cases were subjected to histopathological examination. Results:The malignant tumors were giant cell tumor (6), osteogenic sarcoma (1), chondrosarcoma (2) and adamantinoma(1), fibrosarcoma (1) and metastasis (1). The benign tumors were osteochondroma (6), osteoblastoma (2) and enchondroma (1). Histological correlation was obtained in 14 cases of the 15 cases operated and the diagnostic accuracy was 93.3% in this study. A case of chondroblasticosteogenic sarcoma that was reported as chondrosarcoma was the only diagnostic error in the study. Conclusion: Fine needle aspiration of bone is a simple reliable and accurate diagnostic technique that can facilitate patient management and preoperative decision making patient decision making and avoid unnecessary invasive procedures for patients with primary or metastatic bone lesions.

Keywords: Fine Needle Aspiration; Bone Tumors; Osteosarcoma; Adamantinoma.

Introduction: Recent advance in the field of tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes have provided the tool for the study the genetic changes occurring at different stages of carcinogenesis including transition from premalignant to malignant. Methodology: Histopathologically diagnosed benign lesions, premalignant lesions & SCC were included in the study which consist of 33 cases of oral squamous cell carcinaoma (of which14 were well differentiated, 14 moderately differentiated and 02 poorly differentiated) and 03 were verrucous carcinoma. 11 premalignant lesions and 08 were benign lesions of the oral cavity. These cases were subjected to routine H&E staining and p53 immunohistochemical staining. Results: In this study, 4 out of 7(57.14%) cases of hyperplasia showed basal p53 positivity whereas the only cases of squamous papilloma was p53 negative. It was observed that 69% of malignant and 63% of premalignant lesions showed suprabasal p53 positivity whereas only one case of benign lesions showed the above pattern of staining. Conclusion: In conclusion, expression of p53 above the basal layer is an early event in oral carcinogenesis and an indicator of a developing carcinoma preceding morphological alterations.

Keywords: p53 Staining; Benign; Premalignant; Malignant Oral Lesions.

Context: Cervical carcinoma is the fourth common malignancy in women worldwide and second most common in developing countries including India. Cytological screening leads to a reduction in the rate of invasive cancer of uterine cervix. The present study highlights the importance of cytospin method of liquid based cytology which improves the efficacy of Papanicolaou smears. Objectives: To compare efficacy of cytospin Papanicolaou smears with conventional Papanicolaou Smears in cervical cancer screening based on Bethesda system of classification, 2014. Materials and Methods: A prospective study of cervical cytology of 134 samples was carried out on women from age group of 18-65 years. Using Ayre’s spatula one slide was prepared and immediately fixed in fixative. The residual material was rinsed in fixative then spun in cytospin to obtain direct smear. Both conventional and cytospin smears were stained by Papanicolaou stain. Results: Of the 134 cervical cytospin smears studied, 87.9% (118 cases) were non-neoplastic, 9.6% (13 cases) were neoplastic lesions and 2.2% (3 cases) were unsatisfactory. The most common neoplastic lesion was LSIL and HSIL accounting for 3% (4 cases) each followed by ASCUS, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Cytospin showed significant difference in the morphological features compared to conventional. Conclusion: Cytospin method of liquid based cytology is recommended as it improves the sample quality, morphology and also cost effective. It is an alternative screening method in low resource settings, like developing countries including India where women are at high risk for developing cervical cancer.

Keywords: Cervical Carcinoma; Conventional Pap Smear; Cytospin Pap Smear; Liquid Based Cytology.

Introduction: Among the most widely studied tumour suppressor gene are RB & p53 which express PRB retinoblastoma protein & p53 protein respectively. These proteins control cell cycle and are involved in the inhibition of cell proliferation. Mutation of these proteins produce uncontrolled cell proliferation. Methodology: The detailed history including the duration, site, onset, progression, personal habits and duration of those habits like smoking, beetle quid chewing were noted. The clinical diagnosis was recorded. Results: In our study, the most common location was tongue 48% followed by the BUCCAL mucosa of 34% and the least common was the floor of the mouth 6%. It was observed that 59% of the cases in the age group 50-60 year showed suprabasal p53 positivity. Conclusion: No significant association observed between P53 and age,smoking and tobacco use.

Keywords: Oral Lesions; P53; Tobacco.

Objective: Despite progress in prophylaxis and treatment modalities, tuberculous (TB) lymphadenitis still remains a major health problem in developing countries. In India, extrapulmonary TB accounting 20% of all TB cases and its prevalence in the country varies between 8.3% and 13.1%. The aim of this study was to describe various cytological pictures of tuberculous lymphadenitis with their relative frequency and to assess correlation between Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and Ziehl-Neelsen (Z-N) staining in diagnosing tuberculous lymphadenitis. Materials and Methods: A total of 132 cases with cytological proven tuberculous lymphadenitis were taken up for the study. Details such as age, sex, group of lymph nodes involved, type of aspirate, cytomorphological patterns and Acid fast bacilli (AFB) positivity on ZN staining were analysed. Results: The sites of distribution of lymphadenopathy were as follows: Cervical lymph nodes – 109, Axillary – 21, Inguinal lymph nodes – 02. Cytological patterns in all 132 cases were as follows: Pattern A – 22, Pattern B – 73, Pattern C – 37 cases. On grading of AFB positivity, Grade 1+ observed in 22.7%, Grade 2+ observed in 31.6% 2, and Grade 3+ observed in 45.5% cases. Conclusion: FNAC is a simple, cost effective and minimally invasive technique to diagnose tuberculous lymphadenitis. Since granuloma formation is not often seen in purulent aspirate, ZN staining must be done to rule out tuberculous lymphadenitis.

Keywords: Cytomorphological Patterns; Tuberculous Lymphadenitis; Ziehl Neelsen Stain

 Background: The various histological methods of identification of Helicobacter pylori have different sensitivity and specificity with varying strengths and weaknesses in terms of cost and convenience. Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of Giemsa stain with Immunohistochemistry in diagnosing Helicobacter pylori in paraffin embedded tissue sections. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study done in a tertiary care centre for a period of 3 years. Multiple bits were taken from the lesion and the adjacent areas in random sample of 50 gastrectomy specimens and processed routinely for paraffin embedding. Sections were stained for Giemsa and immunohistochemistry apart from the routine Haematoxylin and eosin stain. Statistical Analysis: The data were entered and the statistical comparison between the two tests were done using SPSS software version 21. Results: Out of 50 cases of adenocarcinoma stomach, 39(78%) were males and 11(22%) were females. Out of 50 cases H.pylori was detected in 21 cases using Giemsa stain with 42% of positivity (Table.1). Out of 50 cases, Immunohistochemistry detected H.pylori in 25 cases (4 cases more than Giemsa) with a positivity rate of 50%. Conclusion: Sensitivity of Immunohistochemistry is more when compared with Giemsa special staining. Immunohistochemistry can be used to detect coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori especially in screening for the presence of Helicobacter pylori in high risk patients and also in patients who had been treated with proton pump inhibitors and to confirm eradication following antibiotics against Helicobacter pylori.

Keywords: Helicobacter Pylori; Giemsa; Immunohistochemistry; Gastric Adenocarcinoma; Gastric Biopsy

Background: The safety of blood and blood products is improved by stringent donor selection. Donor deferral, either temporarily or permanently is an important documentation towards safe blood transfusion. Thus it should be evaluated on regular basis. Aims: To analyze the donor deferral rate, to document the causes and their frequency distribution with respect to gender. Settings and Design: This was a prospective study conducted on potential donors registering in Blood bank, Navodaya Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Raichur, Karnataka. Detailed history taking, physical examination and screening tests on the blood units collected were performed. Methods and Material: This study was conducted over 2 years (Jan 2014 to Dec 2015). Donor request form was given and those who did not fulfill the donor selection criteria were deferred and analyzed. Results: A total of 6834 donors were registered for blood donation, of which 909 cases (13.3%) were deferred. Deferral rate was 89.2% among males and 10.8% among females. Majority were temporarily deferred- 704 cases (77.4%); most frequently due to low hemoglobin value (17.7%) followed by fever (14.3%). Permanent deferral category included 205 cases (22.6%); mainly due to Hepatitis B virus (HBV) seropositivity (44.9%) followed by hypertension (20.9%). Female donors were deferred more frequently (47%) than males (8.2%); commonest reason being low hemoglobin and fever in both. Conclusion: Donor deferral is beneficial for donors and recipients as it minimizes potential health problems within the community. Hence regular evaluation guides transfusion committee in modifying planning strategies to preserve donor pool.

Keywords: Blood Donor; Donor Deferral; Permanent; Temporary.

Context: Ovarian lesions can present in the form of pain in abdomen, mass lesion or infertility. Any age group can be affected. Mass lesions of ovary are important, as they can be neoplastic or non-neoplastic. Appropriate treatment and prognosis is dependent upon the proper classification and diagnosis of ovarian mass lesions, which can be achieved by histopathological examination of excised ovarian tissue. Aims: Present study aims at classifying ovarian lesions histopathologically and finding the frequency of various ovarian tumors. Methods and Material : Present study is a retrospective study carried out at tertiary hospital attached to medical college in rural area of Maharashtra. All oophorectomy specimens received in central clinical laboratory from January 2012 to June 2016 were included in the study. Clinical details were obtained from requisition forms submitted by gynaecology department along with the ovarian specimen sent for histopathological examination. For detail information regarding the case, case sheets were obtained from medical record section of the hospital. Histopathological slides were retrieved from filing and studied blindly by two histopathologists independently. Results thus obtained were compared with original reports and finalized. Results: A total of 152 cases were included in the study. Histopathological examination was performed on 188 ovaries, of which 59 ovaries didn’t show any pathology. Of the remaining 129 ovaries, non-neoplastic lesions were more common (n=85; 65.89%) than neoplastic lesions(n=44; 34.10%). Follicular cysts were commonest amongst non-neoplatic lesions. In neoplastic category benign tumors were more frequent than malignant tumors. Serous cystadenomas were commonest among benign tumors whereas serous cystadenocarcinomas were commonest among malignant tumors. Conclusions: Histopathological examination of excised ovarian tissue forms the mainstay of diagnosis in most of the cases.

Keywords: Ovarian Lesions; Follicular Cyst; Serous Cystadenoma; Serous Cystadenocarcinoma; Teratoma

Introduction: Hysterectomy is the most common major gynaecological surgery done in the world. Common reasons include abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) and leiomyoma. Aim and Objectives: This study was done to assess the indications and associated pathological findings among hysterectomy cases in our centre. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study conducted over a period of three years from Jan 2014 to Dec 2016. All cases of hysterectomy conducted for gynaecological reasons were included in the study. Results: A total of 319 cases were included in the study. Most of the patients who underwent surgery were in the 4th and 5th decade. Common clinical indications included AUB and fibroid. In 45.76% of the hysterectomy specimens, no significant pathology was identified. Most significant histopathological findings were leiomyoma followed by adenomyosis. Conclusion: Hysterectomy still continues to be the surgery of choice for benign conditions, even though in developed countries, it continues to reduce with advent of newer methods. Larger studies are necessary to identify the reasons for hysterectomy, and to avoid hysterectomy for benign conditions, particularly in our part of the world.

 Context: Accurate preoperative diagnosis of thyroid lesions is imperative and helps surgeons to decide the management of the patients. The differential diagnosis of these nodules includes from non neoplastic to malignant lesions. Aims: This study was conducted to assess the utility of cell blocks in hemorrhagic and cystic thyroid aspirations. Settings and Design: This was a prospective study conducted over a period of one year in the department of Pathology. Methods and Material: All Thyroid FNAs that yielded either blood tinged colloid or cystic fluid or hemorrhagic material were included in the Study. CBs were prepared from the residual material after preparation of smears. The cytomorphology of FNA smears were compared with histopathology of cell blocks in all cases. Results: Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV of FNAC was 100%, 94.2%, 83.3%, 100% respectively. Percentage of false positive cases was 5.7% with diagnostic accuracy of 95%. In the present study Cell blocks were contributory to FNAC diagnosis in three cases (6%). Conclusions: Cell block preparation as an adjuvant to FNAC can reduce diagnostic pitfall and improve accuracy of FNA diagnosis. It gives an added opportunity to study architecture of the tissue. Cyto-histologic correlation in all cases may help to improve efficiency of Pathologists.

Keywords: FNAC; Cell Block; Thyroid Nodule; Cyto Histologic Correlation.

Introduction: Women worldwide suffer from gynaecological and obstetric disorders that require hysterectomy as a treatment option. Hysterectomy forms the major bulk among the specimens received in our histopathology laboratory, hence this study was undertaken to know the incidence and also understand the variety of lesions in the hysterectomy specimen. Materials and Methods: The present study was done in the Department of Pathology, KBNIMS, Kalaburagi, from July 2014 to June 2016. All types of hysterectomy specimens (with or without adnexa) received during this period, were studied. Results: Total number of hysterectomy specimens received was 269. Out of 269 cases, non-neoplastic lesions were 141(52%), benign tumors were 114 (43%) and malignant tumors were 14 (5%). One case of tuberculosis of the endometrium was diagnosed. Malignant lesions were 3(1.2%), 2 cases of endometrial adenocarcinoma and 1 case of endometrial stromal sarcoma. Incidence of leiomyoma in present study was 31.8% (86/269) with mean age of 42.42 years and incidence of adenomyosis was 32%. Among 6 malignant tumors of cervix, 4(82%) cases were squamous cell carcinoma, 1 (9%) case of adenocarcinoma, 1 (4.5%) case of adenosquamous carcinoma. One of primary adenocarcinoma of fallopian tube was diagnosed,which was not diagnosed clinically. One case of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma with metastasis to the serosa of the uterus and to the colon, was diagnosed. Conclusion: Study of hysterectomy specimens is fascinating, as a variety of lesions are encountered. This specimen needs to be thoroughly studied, in order to know the different types of lesions in the female genital tract.

Keywords: Hysterectomy; Leiomyoma; Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Tuberculous; Endometritis.

 Context: Thalassemia is a group of inherited hemoglobin disorders characterized by reduced synthesis of one or more of the globin chains leading to imbalanced globin synthesis which is the major factor in determining the severity of the disease in the thalassemia syndromes. The objectives of this study was to analyze the anemia and biochemical profile in thalassemia major patients as very few studies have been done in this region of country. Aims: Determination of anemia and biochemical profile of thalassemia patients. Settings and Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods and Material: The study was done at a tertiary care hospital from January 2014 to December 2014. 35 thalassemia major patients who received blood transfusions in the hospital were included in this study. Complete blood count, Peripheral Smear Examination, Serum Ferritin and Fasting plasma glucose was done. Statistical analysis used: The data was analysed using SPSS version 20. Categorical data was expressed in terms of rates, ratios and percentage. Results: Male to female ratio of 4:1. About 51.43 % of patients were aged between 10 to 12 years. Mean hemoglobin was 6.8 gm±1.08 gm% and peripheral smear examination showed microcytic hypochromic anemia in most of the patients (74.29%)The raised serum ferritin levels were noted in 94.29% of the patients. The activity of all the liver enzymes AST, ALT and ALP were raised. Conclusions: The patients with transfusion dependent thalassemia major are at risk of developing severe anemia and biochemical abnormalities. Hence screening is essential as per guidelines.

Keywords: Thalassemia; Anemia; Biochemical Profile; Ferritin

 There is persistent shortage of active blood donors to meet the increased demand of blood in blood banks. The safety of blood with regard to the risk of transfusion transmissible infection is also an issue of utmost concern in India. Recruitment of voluntary non remunerated blood donors poses major challenge to transfusion services. Hence, there is a serious need to improve the recruitment and retention of healthy voluntary donor population to ensure a safe blood transfusion practice. Students are the appropriate, potential population to recruit regular blood donors and the role of college students in voluntary blood donation is crucial to meet the demand of safe blood. Knowing the attitude and perception of youngsters will help to identify factors and to develop strategies that influence the recruitment and retention of voluntary non-remunerated blood donors. Objective of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding blood donation among college students. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out at blood bank, Srinivas institute of medical sciences and research centre, Surathkal over a period of one year. A total of 250 college students were recruited. Pretested questionnaires were used to assess their knowledge, attitude, and practice towards blood donation. The age of respondents ranged from 18 - 30 years. Majority of the donor had good knowledge about the age criteria for donor selection, minimum body weight and minimum interval between two donations. Less than half of the participants had some knowledge about the volume of blood collected, provision for blood component separation, storage and shelf life of blood components. There were 115 respondents who had never donated blood before and the chief reason for not donating blood was fear of needle. Around 90% of donors showed positive attitude by expressing their willingness to donate blood if they were asked to donate blood in future. Assessment of knowledge, attitude and perception amongst student population regarding blood donation will help in designing effective health education strategy to improve voluntary blood donation.

Keywords: Blood Donors; Blood Bank; Voluntary; Knowledge; Attitude.

Background: Ultrasonography (USG) guided Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is an established, safe, reliable and accurate procedure for cytological diagnosis of various retroperitoneal lesions. Aims & Objectives: To study the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of USG guided FNAC in retroperitoneal lesions. Materials & Methods: USG guided Fine Needle Aspirations (FNA) were performed in 54 patients with various retroperitoneal lesions during May 2009 to December 2011. Their cytological diagnosis was compared to Histopathological (HP) diagnosis. True and false (positive and negative) data was analyzed to measure sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of USG guided FNAC. Results: Adequate material was aspirated in all 54 cases (Sample adequacy rate 100%). Maximum cases were from Kidney (21) followed by Lymphnode (13), Soft tissue (9), Adrenal (5), Pancreas (4) and Germ cell tumors (2). FNAC was diagnostic in all 54 cases. Among which, 36 cases (66.7%) were malignant and 18 cases (33.3%) were benign. HP correlation was available in 35 (64.8%) cases. HP diagnosis was different from FNAC diagnosis in only 2 (5.7%) cases. Diagnostic Accuracy, Sensitivity and Specificity of USG guided FNAC in retroperitoneal lesions were 94.3%, 92.6% and 100% respectively. Conclusion: Having high sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy, USG guided FNAC is an OPD based safe, reliable and accurate diagnostic procedure for various retroperitoneal lesions. It doesn’t only provide a preoperative diagnosis to aid in surgical management of resectable tumors, but also helps in avoiding a purely diagnostic laparotomy in cases of advanced cancer or benign lesions.

Keywords: USG Guided; FNAC; Retroperitoneal; Sensitivity; Specificity; Accuracy

 Introduction:  One of the most important prognostic factors in breast cancer is metastasis to regional lymph nodes resulting in a reduced overall survival rate. Mast cells in tissue release both pro-tumourigenic and antitumourigenic substances and can determine progress of the tumour including invasion and metastasis. The present study endeavored to assess mast cell density (MCD) in regional axillary lymph nodes in cases of carcinoma breast with clinicopathological correlation to infer their biological role and pathological significance. Methods: Tissue from forty seven cases of invasive carcinoma of breast (mastectomy with regional axillary lymph node clearance) was analyzed and routine histological findings were recorded. Mast cells were clearly demonstrated in tissue using Toluidine Blue stain at pH 2.3. Mast cells were counted using an eyepiece grid and expressed as no. of cells / per sq. mm, i.e., mast cell density (MCD). The distribution of mast cells within all the sampled lymph nodes (with and without metastasis) was recorded. Results:  Mast cell density was statistically significantly (p<0.0001) increased in regional axillary lymph nodes without microscopic metastatic deposits (n= 255; Mean MCD +/- SD:  6.0 +/- 3.4) compared to lymph nodes showing metastatic deposits (n=140; Mean MCD +/- SD: 0.57 +/- 0.59). Conclusions: Our results indicate a clear anti-tumourigenic role of mast cells within the regional lymph node tissue in carcinoma breast, possibly limiting the mechanisms for invasion of lymphoid tissue and limiting the metastasis. Mast cell density could thereby be a significant prognostic indicator in the management of patients with breast carcinoma.

Keywords: Breast Carcinoma; Lymph Node; Mast Cell; Metastasis; Toluidine Blue.

 Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an important diagnostic tool used preoperatively for diagnosis of palpable and non palpable mass lesions. Various techniques have been described for doing the procedure. Aims & Objetive: We conducted a study with the objective of evaluating role of cytospin technique in inadequate and hemmorhagic samples in cytology. To perform immunocytochemistry on the cytospin slides if required during the diagnosis. Results: 19 thyroid cases, 6 salivary gland cases, 30 lymph node cases, 12 soft tissue cases, 9 breast cases and 4 miscellaneous cases were done. Cellularity was inadequate in 1.3% cases in conventional FNAC whereas inadequacy was seen in 8.8% cases of cytospin slides. The cellular details were clear and satisfactory in 100% of the cases in both conventional and cytospin slides. The cytospin slides prepared from the residual hub material was diagnosed as colloid goiter whereas only abundant colloid was seen on conventional smears where opinion was not possible. Granulomas were missed with cytospin technique due to significant decrease in the background caseous necrosis and scattered cellularity. Immunocytochemistry on cytospin slides was convenient due to monolayered cells aiding in appropriate diagnosis. Conclusion: Cytospin can be used as an adjunct to routine smears where limited material or hemorrhagic material is present. Special ancillary tests like immunomarkers and special stains can be done on these slides which aids in rapid and definitive diagnosis.

Keywords: Conventional FNAC; Cytospin Technique; Immunochemistry.

 Introduction: Nasal polyps are polypoidal masses arising from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. They can be non-neoplastic, can have an infective etiology, or they can be benign or malignant. Aim of the Study: To study the histopathological spectrum of nasal polyps. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study done over a period of 16 months. The study group consisted of 93 individuals from 10 years to 69 years in whom excised nasal polyps were studied histopathologically. These cases were classified into non neoplastic, benign and malignant lesions. Observations and Results: The male to female ratio was 1.73:1. The non-neoplastic lesions were more common (67.74%) than the malignant lesions (5.38%). Allergic morphology was more common. Rhinosporidiosis was a frequent infective etiology. Among benign lesions, hemangioma and among malignant lesions, squamous cell carcinoma were more common. Conclusion: Nasal polyps most commonly show allergic and inflammatory morphology. Rhinosporidiosis presents as nasal polyps in endemic coastal areas. Overall the study has found 5.38% malignant cases, so thorough sampling and study is recommended for all nasal polyps.

Keywords: Nasal polyps; Rhinosporidiosis; Hemangioma; Lesions.

Synovium is a specialized mesenchymal tissue in which varied pathological lesions can occur, but most common are non neoplastic lesions. Aim of the Study: To determine histopathological spectrum of non-neoplastic lesions of synovium and to correlate the clinical and histopathological diagnosis in our tertiary care hospital. Materials & Methods: Prospective study of 65 synovial biopsy samples. Patient’s complete clinical data, radiological findings, biochemical and serological parameters were obtained. Synovial fluid analysis was done in available cases. Histopathological examination of synovial biopsy tissue was done with routine and special histochemical stains wherever necessary. Statistical analysis for sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy was done. Results: We observed arthritis was common in 5th decade with Male-Female ratio of 1.7: 1. Most were monoarticular disease with the knee joint commonly affected. The common clinical manifestation was joint pain and swelling. The most common lesion was chronic nonspecific synovitis followed by osteoarthritis, tuberculous arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and septic arthritis. One case of pigmented villonodular synovitis [PVNS], gouty arthritis and ochronotic arthritis were observed in our study. In our study, the diagnostic accuracy of synovial biopsy in comparison with clinical impression was 85% with 73% sensitivity, 97% specificity, 96% positive predictive value and 78% negative predictive value, 27%false negative rate and 3% false positive rate. Conclusion: In our study, we observed that synovial biopsy is cost effective and offers immense help to clinicians in providing appropriate treatment for patients, especially in long standing and subtle inflammatory lesions.

Keywords: Synovial Biopsy; Synovitis; Histopathology; Correlation; Diagnostic Accuracy.

 Not Provided.

Introduction: Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) has been widely used as a first­line investigation to assess thyroid nodules, as it is rapid, cost effective, safe and reliable.To bring uniformity and standardization in thyroid cytology reporting, “The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology” (TBSRTC) was introduced and it is gaining acceptance. This study has been undertaken to evaluate the reproducibility using TBSRTC system while reporting thyroid FNACs and to find out the utility of Bethesda system after correlating with the histopathology. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in which 506 cases of thyroid aspirates were reclassified according to TBSRTC in to six categories by two cytologists separately and reproducibility of the system was assessed. In 97 cases histopathological correlation was available and risk of malignancy in all these TBSRTC categories was calculated. Results: ategory wise distribution of aspirates was non diagnostic (ND) 1.38%, Benign(BN) 88.15%, Follicular neoplasm (FN) 2.38%, follicular lesion of uncertain significance(FLUS) 2.96 %, suspicious of malignancy(SM) 1.38% and malignant category (3.75%). Overall Percentage of agreement between the two cytologists was 97.5% and rate of disagreement was more in follicular lesion of undetermined significance, follicular neoplasm and suspicious category. On cytohistological correlation, malignancy rate in different categories are ND 0%, BN 1.4%, FLUS 20%, FN 28.6%, SM 60% and MGT 100%. Conclusions: It was observed that standardized nomenclature of the Bethesda system has brought much needed clarity in thyroid FNAC reporting. Substantial interobserver agreement was found for thyroid cytological lesions using Bethesda reporting. Along with MGT category, the FLUS, FN and SM categories carry higher malignancy risk. 

 Not Provided.

 Kikuchi­Fujimoto disease (KFD) is a self­limited, usually benign condition of unknown etiology characterised by fever and cervical lymphadenitis. Multisystem involvement is not very common.We report a case of a 14 year old boy who presented with prolonged fever, rashes, cervical lymphadenitis, oral ulcers, and weight losseventually diagnosedwith kikuchi’s disease. This case is interesting as the child subsequently developed multisystem involvement secondary to Kikuchi disease. Child recovered and remains well on follow up clinic visits. KFD may have to be differentiated from many other infective, inflammatory and malignant disorders. Diagnosis is confirmed by characteristic histopathological findings on excision lymph node biopsy. Long term careful monitoring of these patients for signs and symptoms of evolving SLE or other autoimmune disorders is required.

Keywords: Kikuchi’s Disease; Fever; Lymphadenitis; SLE; Multisystem

 Filaria are usually classified according to the final habitat of the adult worms in the human host are The cutaneous group, The lymphatic group, The body cavity group. Onchocerca volvulus and Loa loa are most common organisms reported in subcutaneous tissue, and Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi are the 2 most common species in lymphatic. In the present case microfilaria of Wuchereria bancrofti was seen in subcutaneous nodule.Fine­needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is not commonly used for its detection . It has always been detected incidentally, while doing FNACs for evaluation of other lesions. Here we found a rare cases of cutaneous filariasis by Wuchereria bancrofti at lateral aspect of arm diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology is reported in 25 yr old.

Keyword: Wuchereria Bancrofti; FNAC; Cutaneous Filariasis; Complete Blood Count (CBC).

 Parapharyngeal space is one of the potential facial planes of head and neck that may be involved by various pathological processes:infectious, inflammatory andneoplastic. Neoplastictumours seen at the parapharyngeal space represent less than 1% of all head and neck tumours. Both benign and malignant tumours may arise in this location, majority appears to be benign. Mostparapharyngealspace tumours are salivary gland tumours, neurogenictumours and lymphoreticular lesionswhich comprise nearly 75­80% of all parapharyngeal space tumours. We report a case of Pleomorphic adenoma arising de novo in the parapharyngeal spacewhich is a very rare site of its occurrence. World literature suggests parapharyngeal space lesions account for only 0.5% head and neck tumours and the majority of the minor salivary gland tumours are malignant. Pleomorphic adenoma arising de novo in the parapharyngeal space is of rare occurrence. High index of suspicion and an adequate clearance of the tumour with a cuff of surrounding dispensable normal tissues is the key to successful treatment of such tumours.

Keywords: Parapharyngeal; Salivary Gland Tumour; Pleomorphic; Adenoma.

 Introduction: Osteosarcoma is by far the greatest histological imitator of bone tumours. Both radiologically and histologically, osteosarcoma mimics many other benign and malignant bone lesions.Accurate diagnosis of bone­forming tumors, including correct subclassification of osteogenic sarcoma is critical for determination of appropriate clinical management and prediction of patient outcome. Methodology: All patients with clinical and radiological suspicion of primary and secondary tumours and tumour like lesions of the bone which require biopsy or surgical excision. Biopsy specimens were fixed in 10% formalin for 24 hrs after recording the gross morphological features. Specimen was sampled carefully and bone tissue was cut with hand and electrical saw in to thin slices. Samples containing bone tissue were decalcified before routine processing and paraffin embedding. Results: Among the bone forming tumours, benign tumours were four which constituted one osteoma and two osteoid osteoma and one osteoblastoma.. Malignant bone forming tumours were 3 which constituted conventional osteosarcoma. Among the cartilage forming tumours benign tumours were 11 amongst which osteochondromas were 8, chondromas were 2 and 1 chondroblastomas. The malignant cartilage tumour. was conventionally chondrosarcoma. Marrow origin tumours constituted 2 cases of Ewing’s sarcoma Conclusion: Knowledge of radiological appearances of various bone tumours and tumour like lesions is essential for the pathologist in evaluating the bone tumours.

Keywords: Bone Tumours; Radiology; Osteosarcoma.

 Introduction: Though bone tumours are infrequently encountered compared to the occurrence of other neoplastic lesion, they are of great significance because majority of them affect adolescents and young adults with a tendency of aggressive course. Methodology: The study was prospective and there was need to study various bone tumours and tumour like lesions of bone in the experience of the department of pathology, and hence study was conducted. All patients with clinical and radiological suspicion of primary and secondary tumours and tumour like lesions of the bone which require biopsy or surgical excision. Results: Out of 50 lesions studied, malignant bone tumours were 27 (54%) , benign tumours 16 (32%) and tumour like lesions 7 (14%). The ratio of benign to malignant bone tumours was 1 to 1.68. Conclusion: Benign bone tumours though common in general population are less often biopsied. Tumour like lesions more commonly present clinically as neoplastic lesion and also appear as tumours on X­rays.

Keywords: Bone Tumours; Histopathology; Tumour Like Lesions.

 Objective: Blood transfusion is an important mode of transmission of infections to recipients. With every one unit of blood transfusion there is 1% chance of transfusion related complications including Transfusion Transmissible Infections (TTIs). This study was designed to determine the prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and syphillis infections among blood donors. Materials and Methods: Total number of 26617 units of blood were collected from healthy voluntary donors and tested for HIV I & II Hepatitis B surface Antigen, Hepatitis C and Syphilis. This study was done during the period of 2011 to 2015 at SBHGMC hospital blood bank, Dhule. Results: It was observed that 33(0.12%) tested positive for HIV, 360(1.35%) were positive for HBsAg,17 (0.06%) were positive for HCV and 13(0.05%) were positive for syphilis. Total 423 Units (1.59%) of blood were discarded due to presence of infective agents. Conclusions: Strict quality control, selection of donors by proper counseling and training of blood transfusion personnel including deferring of suspected donors may help in improving the blood safety.

Keywords: Voluntary; Replacement; Transfusion Transmissible Infections.

 Context: Capillary hemangiomas are fairly common benign tumors encountered across all age groups.Even though they consist of number of clinicopathologically distinct entities, clinicians and pathologists alike have traditionally tended to lump these tumors, under overly generic terms like capillary hemangioma which do little to guide proper clinical management. Aims: To delineate various lesions with capillary hemangioma pattern and outline the morphological features that distinguish each of them. Results: We characterised a collection of 93 cases with capillary hemangioma pattern received over a period of 60 months. Mast cells were counted in 10 fields of high density and mast cell density per square millimetre area was calculated. Statistical Analysis: Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyse the relationship between mast cell numbers and the age of the lesion. Conclusions: Pathogenesis of capillary hemangiomas remains a hot topic receiving widespread attention of researchers. For a pathologist to distinguish a lobular capillary hemangioma from an Infantile hemangioma or a congenital hemangioma based on morphology is important, pointing to a need for looking beyond using a generic term of capillary hemangioma, and study of a large cohort of cases.

Keywords: Congenital Hemangioma; Epithelioid Hemangioma; Infantile Hemangioma; Lobular Capillary Hemangioma.

 Context: Malaria is endemic in tropics and subtropics with India contributing to 75% of the cases in South East Region. The early diagnosis of malaria is essential to treat patients and to prevent complications especially in cerebral malaria. Aims: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of different techniques available like Peripheral smear, Quantitative Buffy coat (QBC), and Rapid Diagnostic tests (RDT) in the diagnosis of malaria. Settings and Design: Prospective study for duration of one year. Methods and Material: Blood samples from all clinically suspected cases of malaria were routinely subjected to peripheral smear examination, QBC & RDT for the presence of malaria parasite. Statistical analysis used: Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive predictive value and Negative predictive value were analyzed using standard formulae. Results: Sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive value and Negative predictive values were 100%, 99.6%, 97% and 100% for QBC and 100%, 99.2%, 95% and 100% for RDT respectively. Conclusions: RDTs are equally or more sensitive and specific than peripheral smear and QBC. Newer Pf /Pv specific antigen card can distinguish mixed and PF infections unlike old Pf/ Pan RDTs. However further studies are required to assess cost effectiveness and efficiency of different RDTs.

Keywords: Malaria Diagnosis; Rapid Diagnostic Test; QBC.

 Introduction: Clinical studies have shown the detrimental effects of tuberculosis on the course of HIV infection. The risk of death in HIV­infected patients with tuberculosis was reported to be twice that in HIV­infected patients without tuberculosis, independent of the CD4 count. Methodology: The standard procedure was followed making use of 10 ml syringe with 23 gauge needle and as many as possible smears were prepared. Procedure was performed wearing disposable surgical gloves. Hands were washed with soap under running tap water after the procedure. The smears obtained were routinely fixed with ethyl alcohol or air dried according to type of stain to be used. If the smears were inadequate, aspiration was repeated. Smears were then stained by Haematoxylin and Eosin (H & E), May Grunwald Giemsa and ZN stain for acid fast bacilli (AFB). Results: In the present study, smears showing both caseous necrosis and epithelioid cell granuloma (CN­ECG) constituted predominant pattern with 19 cases (65.51%), followed by smears showing only epithelioid cell granuloma (ECG) 5(17.24%) and smears showing only caseous necrosis (CN) 5 (17.24%). Conclusion: Lymph node cytology is useful for segregating lymphadenopathy cases that needs further evaluation.

Keywords: TB Lymphadenitis; HIV; FNAC.

 Background and Objectives: FNAC play a vital role in evaluating pulmonary lesion. Its diagnostic accuracy is high in diagnosing lung cancer. From therapeutic view it is essential to categorize small cell lung carcinoma(SCLC) from Non small cell lung carcinoma. However recent targeted therapy emphasizes classification of NSCLC into different categories like squamous cell carcinoma(SQC), adenocarcinoma(AC) and Poorly differentiated carcinoma(PDC). The present study highlights utility of FNAC in diagnosing and categorizing lung cancer into various groups on which patient management is based. Materials and Methods: Present study is a prospective descriptive study. A total 25 FNAC of lung lesions under therapeutic guidance were included in the study. FNA smears were further stained and detailed cytomorphological study was done. Cytological parameters which were were studied include cellularity, cell arrangement, cell morphology and background material. Results: Mean age of the patients was 60.08years, 88% were males and 12% were females. Imaging technique used in 88% cases was ultrasonography and in 12% cases CT was used. In 8% cases aspirate was inadequate to comment. FNA diagnosis in 80% cases was positive for malignancy. Among malignant cases 35% were adenocarcinoma, 30% were squamous cell carcinoma, 25% were poorly differentiated carcinoma and 10% cases were metastasis. Conclusion: FNA is highly reliable method in not only distinguishing SCLC from NSCLC, but also categorizes NSCLC into SQC, AC and with the help of ancillary techniques one could even know the line of differentiation of PDC which really helps in patient management.

Keywords: Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Lung Cancer; Adenocarcinoma; Small Cell Carcinoma.

 Introduction: HIV­1 probably originated from one or more cross­species transfers from chimpanzees in central Africa. HIV­2 is closely related to viruses that infect sooty mangabeys in western Africa.Genetically, HIV­1 and HIV­2 are superficially similar, but each contains unique genes and its own distinct replication process. HIV­ 2 carries a slightly lower risk of transmission, and HIV­2 infection tends to progress more slowly to acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Methodology: Based on the selection criteria HIV positive patients with lymph node enlargement underwent clinical examination and the history was taken. Laboratory findings were carried out for these patients like routine haematological tests, CD4 T cell count. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology was carried out. In patients with more than one group of lymph node enlargement, representative nodes (larger in the group) were chosen from each group and were subjected to FNAC. Results: In this study 50.67% had reactive lymphadenitis followed by tubercular (38.67%), granulomatous lymphadenitis (8%), non Hodgkin’s lymphoma (1.33%) and secondary metastases (1.33%). Conclusion: Most infectious causes of HIV lymphadenopathy can be correctly identified, in which the patients can commence prompt treatment for lifethreatening infections.

Keywords: FNAC; Lymph Nodes; HIV.

 Background and Objectives: The Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology (TBSRTC) is a standard method for analyzing thyroid smears, there by communicating clear and relevant information to the clinician. Objective of the study is to classify the cytological features of different thyroid lesions according to TBSRTC and compare them with histopathology wherever possible and to determine the diagnostic accuracy. Materials and Methods: A prospective fine needle aspiration (FNA) study is conducted in the department of pathology VIMS Ballari on all cases of thyroid lesions between January 2015 and June 2016. The smears are classified using the Bethesda system and distribution in each category is done. The malignancy risk for each category is calculated by follow up histopathology wherever possible. Results: Of the 300 FNA of thyroid swelling 10.66% were nondiagnostic, 77% were benign, 5.6% were atypical follicular lesions of undetermined significance(AFLUS), 4% were suspicious for follicular neoplasms, 1.33% were suspicious for malignancy and 1.33% were malignant. Follow up histopathological examination(HPE) are available in 70 cases. The distribution of malignancy risk rates in various Bethesda category were 11.11% in nondiagnostic, 2.08% in benign. 66.67% in atypical FLUS, 0% in follicular neoplasms, 100% in suspicious of malignancy and 100% in malignant category. Conclusion: The implementation of TBSTRC which stands for a unique, international and a universal terminology for the reporting of the thyroid cytology should be encouraged because of its relative ease of reproducibility. The classification is directly related to the risk of malignancy in each category which in turn prompts the recommended clinical management of that category.

Keywords: Bethesda System; Fine Needle Aspiration; Histopathology; Thyroid Lesions

 Introduction: The p53 tumor suppressor gene undergoes mutations in many diverse human cancers. It is commonly mutated in colorectal adenocarcinomas and can be studied by mutational analysis or by immunohistochemical methods. It has been correlated with poor prognosis and treatment outcomes in colorectal cancers. Aims and Objectives: To perform and interpret p53 immunostaining on all colorectal lesions and infer the rate of p53 positivity and to correlate it with the type of lesion and grade of tumor. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective hospital based study done in two years (October 2009 to October 2011) at MGM Hospital, Warangalin collaboration with Biogene Quest, a research laboratory based in Hyderabad. Tissue from colorectal lesions from 65 patients was studied for histopathology and for p53 by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Observations and Results: p53 IHC was done on all the cases. 25/65(38.4%) cases were positive for p53 immunostaining. In these 25 cases, 21 (84%) were colorectal adenocarcinomas,2 (8%) were adenomatous polyps,1 (4%) were hyperplastic polyps and 1(4%) were ulcerative colitis.2/4(50%)adenomatous polyps were positive. Among these positive cases one was adenomatous polyp with highgrade dysplasia and other was tubulo­villous polyp. 21/35 (60%) adenocarcinomas including mucinous adenocarcinoma were positive.61%(13/21) well differentiated adenocarcinoma, 55%(5/9)moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas, 66%(2/3) poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas showed overexpression of p53. 40% (8/21) cases were located in right colon, 30% (6/20) cases were located in left colon, and 30% (6/20) positive colorectal adenocarcinomas were located in rectum. Conclusion: In our study, p53 overexpression was seen in 60% of colorectal adenocarcinomas and in 50% of adenomas. As p53 mutations are known to have a role in adenomacarcinoma sequence, we recommend testing of all colorectal adenocarcinomas and adenomatous adenomas for p53 mutation.

Keywords: P53; Colorectal Lesions; Adenocarcinomas; Histopathology; Immunohistochemistry.

 Chagas disease is a potentially fatal condition that presents high capacity to infect cardiac muscle cells and frequently evolves to dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. The treatments available nowadays has low efficacy and several side effects, thus homeopathic medication is being studied as an alternative. Studies showed a decrease in the number of amastigotes in the heart of animals treated with Lycopodiumclavatum, a medication with anticholinesterasic, anti­inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal actions; and treated with Conium maculatum, a medication that acts in the nervous system by binding to nicotinic receptors. Therefore, the objective of this study was to describe the alterations verified in cardiac muscle cells of 12 Swiss male mice, 8 weeks old, infected with 1,400 trypomastigotes forms of T. cruzi (Y strain) and treated with Lycopodiumclavatum, 13cH –1:10 [26]dilution (GLy) and Conium maculatum 13cH –1:10 [26] dilution (GCo). The results showed that the mean relative heart weight of the animals in group GCO (0.76g) was significantly higher than the mean relative heart weight of the animals in group GCI ­ control group (0,52g) (p=0,01). The animals in group GLy presented a mean relative weight of 0,62g, showing no statistic difference compared to group GCI.

Keywords: Trypanosomacruzi; Chagas Disease; Heart.

 Context: Platelet counts from automated haematologyanalysers are crosschecked in peripheral smears by counting the number of platelets in ten oil immersion fields and multiplying their average by 15000. Since different microscopes have different field diameters, the area viewed and the number of platelets counted in ten fields differs between microscopes. Hence it is inappropriate to use the same multiplication factor of 15000 in all microscopes. Aims: To determine whether the multiplication factor of 15000 should be modified in a microscope with field number 20. Settings and Design: Platelet counts were estimated by two different methods from peripheral blood smears by using a microscope with field number 20. Multiplication factor used was 12000 in method A and 15000 in method B. Results of the two methods were compared with automated platelet counts. Methods and Material: Automated platelet counts were obtained from Sysmex XT1800i for 200 blood samples and compared with the manual counts estimated from Leica microscope with field number 20 by the two methods mentioned above. Statistical analysis used: ANOVA, student’s t test, correlation coefficient. Results: Results from method A correlated strongly with automated platelet counts (correlation coefficient of 0.978) and did not differ significantly from them (p value of 0.28). Method B results differed significantly from automated counts (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Modifications to multiplication factor are essential when microscopes of different field diameters are used for platelet count estimation. We have suggested those modifications needed for various types of microscopes in this article.

Keywords: Automated Analysers; Haematology; Microscopes; Platelet; Platelet Count.

 Background: Nutritional anemia, particularly iron deficiency, continues to be a major public health problem worldwide, particularly in the developing countries like India. Although mass spectrometry has been recently used to give a definitive determination of iron in tissue, microscopic examination of Prussian blue­stained bone marrow aspirate has been considered the practical “gold standard” for determining iron depleted states. Aim: To assess the bone marrow iron stores among the various haematological disorders. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional observational study was conducted by the department of pathology at Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research centre, Vijayapur for a period of one year. A total of 110 cases of various hematological disorders were studied to assess the bone marrow iron stores. Bone marrow aspirate was obtained after written informed consent from the posterior superior iliac spine observing strict asepsis, spread onto slides, air dried, fixed with methanol, and stained with Giemsa Stain, observed microscopically and also simultaneously one smear stained with Prussian blue stain. Equal volumes of 2% of potassium ferrocynide and 2% hydrochloric acid solution are mixed in staining jar and slides are immersed in the solution for 15­20 min. Then removed and rinsed with tap water. Counterstaining was done with 1% neutral red for 30 seconds. Results: Of the various haematological disorders 61.7% of the RBC disorders and 60% of the combined disorders had shown decreased bone marrow iron store, whereas among WBC disorders and platelet disorders it was 45% and 33.3% respectively and there was no statistically significant association (p=0.461) between any of the haematological disorder and the reduced bone marrow iron stores. Conclusion: Performing a bone marrow study in all patients with haematological disorders should be made routine before starting iron replacement therapy.

Keywords: Bone marrow; iron stores; haematological disorder.

 Introduction: Dengue is the most important arthropod borne viral infection of humans. As there is an alarming rise in Dengue Fever and its complications (i.e, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever/Dengue Shock Syndrome), rapid and accurate diagnosis is of paramount importance. Aims/Objectives: 1. To study the prevalence of dengue in different age groups and sex distribution. 2. To study the spectrum of clinical symptomatology in endemic population. 3. To evaluate the clinical, hematological, biochemical, serological and coagulation profile in different stages of confirmed Dengue cases. 4. To correlate clinical, hematological, biochemical, serological and coagulation findings with disease severity and clinical outcome. Methods: A prospective study from June 2014 to June 2015 was done among 100 serologically confirmed cases of dengue by rapid immunologic tests. Evaluation of clinical data, hematological and biochemical parameters with peripheral smear study were carried out. Results: A total of 100 serologically positive cases were studied with adults (63%) and children (37%). The commonest clinical presentation was fever (100%), headache (80%), retro­orbital pain (48%), vomiting (18%), myalgia (64%), arthralgia (52%), hemorrhagic manifestation (18%) and shock (06%). The Hematological profile observed were decrease in Hemoglobin (62.5%), Hemoconcentration (35%), Leukopenia (57.5%) with presence of atypical lymphocytes (43.7%). and Thrombocytopenia of varying degree (62%). Liver enzymes were elevated in 25 % of cases and markedly elevated APTT level in 18% of cases of DHF/DSS. Conclusion: Early and prompt diagnosis by rapid diagnostic kits along with clinical features and serial measurements of hematological and biochemical parameters helps in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with Dengue.

Keywords: Dengue; Dengue Fever; Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever; Dengue Shock Syndrome; Severe Dengue.

 During survey for the foliicolous fungi from diversified habitats of Bahraich (U.P.) India the authors came across an important crop for the locality Pennisetum typhoidis (L.) R. Br. which belongs to Plantae, Tracheobionta, Spermatophyta, Magnoliophyta, Lijiopsida, Commeliinidae, Cyperales, Poaceae­ the grass family is commonly called pearl millet, bulrush millet, cattail millet, candle millet, bajra, bajri etc. On critical study of pearl millet plants, we found the living leaves to be infected with Alternaria and Drechslera sp.. On critical morphotaxonomic study it was found to be new species and the same taxon has been described and illustrated as Alternaria penneseti sp. nov. and Drechslera rajendralla sp nov. The review of available literatures reveals that there has been no record of these fungus from India on this host so far. Therefore, this host for the two new species is a new record to Indian mycoflora from Bahraich (U.P) India.

Keywords: Foliicolous; Fungi; Pearl Millet; North Central; Bahraich; Uttar Pradesh; India.

 Background: Hydatid disease or echinococcosis is an important zoonosis, and a serious public health problem both globally, and especially in endemic country like India. This disease is usually found in liver and lungs, but unusual sites in the body can pose a diagnostic challenge. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology, clinical picture and different localisations of hydatid cyst and to suspect this disease in any cystic lesion affecting any organ in the body , especially in endemic areas of the world. Material and Methods: Total of 72 cases were analysed and a retrospective descriptive study was carried out in our institute over a period of 6 years from 2010 to 2015. We screened all the histopathology records diagnosed with hydatidosis and details are collected from their case sheet. Results: Out of 72 patients, the dominant sex affected by the disease were females 45(62.5%) and 27(37.5%) males. Hydatidosis more commonly affect in the second decade of life followed by third decade. Overall pain in abdomen was the most common presenting complaint. Among the unusual sites most common presentation was solitary, cystic swelling. Liver was the most commonly affected organ. We reported 11 cases of hydatidosis in unusual localisations. Conclusion: Hydatid disease is still a problem and burden in rural regions of India. A high index of suspicion, radiological investigations as well as histopathological examination is necessary in establishing the diagnosis of hydatid disease at unusual sites in the body.

Keywords : Hydatid Disease; Echinococcosis; Unusual.

 Background: Cytological tools, imprint and crush smear techniques are simple and rapid techniques in diagnosis of various lesions. Aims and Objectives: 1. To evaluate the utility of imprint, scrape and crush cytology as diagnostic modality. 2. To study the advantages and limitations of cytological techniques. 3) To correlate, compare and contrast with histopathology examination. Material and Methods: A prospective study, comprising of 200 cases of various specimen, submitted in histopathology department. Smears by different cytological techniques were stained by rapid H&E , PAP stain and Giemsa stains. Results: Imprint and crush smears showed cent percent diagnostic accuracy in diagnosing CNS lesion, Genitourinary, Bone, Testis and skin and soft tissue lesions. Lesions from Breast, Gastrointestinal lesions, Tumor resection margins , also showed high diagnostic concordance between cytological methods and histopathological examination. Conclusion: Imprint, scrape and crush smear methods are rapid cost effective techniques of obtaining accurate diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions.

Keywords: Imprint Cytology; Crush Cytology; Scrape Cytology; Histopathoogy.

 Background: Carcinoma of the Pancreas is one of the leading causes of mortality due to malignancy. Most of the cases present with advanced stage because of subtle clinical manifestation. With a curative resection, the five year survival rate reaches to 25­30%. Aims and Objective: Aim of this study is to correlate Cathepsin D expression with pancreatic adenocarcinoma grade, perineural and lymphovascular invasion. Materials and method: Total of 50 Whipple pancreato duodenectomy specimens were selected for this study. Sections from pancreatic carcinoma were graded according to their degree of differentiation. Perineural invasion and lymphovascular invasion was noted. Immunohistochemical study using Cathepsin D antibody was performed in 50 cases and degree of antibody expression was scored in each case. Results: Tumor grading based on Histopathological examination and Cathepsin D expression was done. 12% cases were well differentiated, 42% were moderately differentiated and 46% cases were poorly differentiated carcinoma. Cathepsin D expression was scored. Score 1 was given to 8% cases, 2 to 44% cases and 3 to 48% cases. Lymph node metastases were present in 70% of cases and absent in 30% of cases. Perineural invasion was present in 56% of cases and absent in 44% of cases. Conclusion: Our study shows that increased expression of Cathepsin D was associated with higher grade of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and poor survival rate.

Keywords: Pancreatic Carcinoma; Cathepsin D; Perineural Invasion.

 Post­menopausal uterine bleeding is the cause of discomfort and inconvenience, affecting millions of women. Endometrial sampling is the effective means of evaluating the women with post­ menopausal uterine bleeding. Objectives: To study the histopathological pattern of the endometrial biopsies of patients with post­menopausal uterine bleeding and to correlate the abnormal endometrial pattern with different clinical presentations and age groups. Methods: The present study included evaluation of 60 cases of post­menopausal uterine bleeding diagnosed in the Department of Pathology, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Ballary, over a period of 1 year, from June 2015 to June 2016. The specimens were processed, embedded and cut into sections of 3­5 microns. The histopathological patterns of the endometrial biopsies were studied. Results: Atrophic endometrium formed the bulk of post­menopausal bleeding (50.0%). Non­neoplastic and benign neoplastic lesions including endometritis, polyp and hormone induced lesions formed 25.0%. 11 cases of endometrial hyperplasias (18.3%) and 4 cases of adenocarcinoma (6.7%) were encountered. The incidence of postmenopausal bleeding decreased with increasing age while the probability of cancer as the underlying cause increased. The peak incidence of endometrial carcinoma was found in women between 65 and 69 years of age. Conclusion: Endometrial biopsy is a valuable means for differentiating various benign lesions of uterine cavity, including atrophic endometrium, endometritis, endometrial polyp, and hormone­induced changes. Microscopic assessment of postmenopausal bleeding has great value in the identification of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinomas. Endometrial biopsy should be a part of diagnostic work up of the patients with postmenopausal bleeding to ensure accurate diagnosis and correct management.

Keywords: Post­Menopausal Bleeding; Endometrial Biopsy; Histopathology; Patterns.

 Introduction: Hypertension (HT) and Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) are two pandemic cardiovascular health problems. The alarming feature of 1HD is that majority of burden is now shifting to developing and deprived economies. This includes India also. The present paper highlights the Lipid Profile, Oxidative Stress (OS) Nutrient Antioxidants and Endogenous Antioxidants Enzymes in Tribals, who represent deprived community, and non­tribals who represent developing community. Methods: This study included 353 subjects (Normal; tribals – 62, nontribals­52: HT­tribals­10 non­tribals­169: 1HD­tribals­4, non­trbal­41; HT+1HD­tribal­1 and non­tribal 14). All the subjects were investigated for lipid profile (Total Cholesterol, HDL­Cholesterol, LDLCholesterol, VLDL­Cholesterol, Triglyceride),Total Protein and Hb; antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx and Cat) and TBARS levels in blood and urine.Creatinine was also estimated in urine. Results: The total plasma cholesterol was almost touching the upper limit of normal in both tribals and non­tribals, was significantly higher iin IHD patients in both the communities. The LDL­ cholesterol (LDLC+VLDLC) was one of the important risk factors. OS (plasma TBARS) was significantly raised in IHD patients. Urine TBARS levels did not provide any conclusive trend. Vitamin A and beta­carotene levels were almost normal in both control and patient groups but vitamin C and E level and were low in both control and patients groups. SOD and GPx were low in patients group but catalase did not provide any regular trend. Conclusion: Cumulatively data suggest: I­ LDLCholesterol and triglyceride are risk factors, II ­Lop­sided redox status in patients.

Keywords: Lipid Profile; Oxidative Stress; Nutrient Antioxidants; Antioxidant Enzymes; Hypertension; Ischemic Heart Disease; Tribals; Non­Tribals.

 During survey for the foliicolous fungi from diversified habitats of Bahraich (U.P.) India the authors came across an important crop for the locality Zea mays Linn. which belongs to Poaceae­ the grass family is commonly called as zea, corn, silk corn, makka, barajowar. It is most widly distributed world’s crop with short lifecycle which requires warm weather, appropriate apprension and management It is a valuable livestock feed, as a human food and raw material for several industries. On critical study of maize plants, we found the living leaves to be infected with Alternaria, Curvularia and Drechslera sp. On critical morphotaxonomic study it was found to be new species and the same taxon has been described and illustrated as plurivorus hyphomycetus fungi Alternaria ziamaydis sp. nov.; dematiaceous hyphomycetous fungi Culvularia zeae sp nov. and Drechslera indiana sp nov. The review of available literatures reveals that there has been no record of these fungus from India on this host so far. Therefore, this host for the three new species is a new record to Indian mycoflora from Bahraich (U.P) India.

Keywords: Foliicolous Fungi; Zea mays; North Central; Bahraich; Uttar Pradesh; India.

 Background: Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is the important site for wide variety of lesions especially malignant tumors. GIT cancers constitute 15­25% of all cancer burdens. Lower gastrointestinal tract disorders are one of the most commonly encountered problems in clinical practice. The definitive diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal disorders rests on the histopathological confirmation and is one of the bases for planning proper treatment. We undertake this study to determine spectrum of the neoplasms of lower gastro intestinal tract, make definite histopathological diagnosis of various neoplastic and non­neoplastic lower GI tract lesions and to correlate them age, sex and and to know the incidence of lesions with reference to age and sex in rural tertiary care hospital. Method: A prospective descriptive study of eighty endoscopic biopsies and surgically resected specimens of lower GIT tumors were carried out at a Narayana Medical College in Nellore, during 2014 to 2015. Breif clinical history was noted when the specimen is received. The biopsy samples were subjected to histopathological studies to determine the neoplastic and non neoplastic incidence. Results: Amongst 80 cases, 34 cases were benign and 46 cases (57.5%) were malignant. The peak age distribution was in 4­6th decade. Males out numbered females with a male to female ratio of 2.2:1 in benign lesions, however a slight female preponderance was observed in colorectal cancer. The most common benign lesion was adenoma, followed by juvenile polyp. The occurance of gastrointestinal tumors were highest in the colon and rectum. Majority of adenocarcinomas were Moderately differentiated. The most common age group affected is 3rd decade (42.85%) followed by 5th decade(28.57%),and 4th and 2nd decade(14.28%). Females(57.14%) are more commonly affected than males(42.85%) with male to female ratio of 0.73 : 1. Majority of the adenomas was found in age group of 51­80 years 9 cases(75%). Peak incidence was seen in 41­50 years; with 11 cases in this age group. Conclusion: The tumors of gastrointestinal tract show a wide variation in the histological type making the histopathological examination a must in the diagnosis of these tumors. Our study of gastrointestinal tract lesions throws a light on early diagnosis by histopathology beneficial for the patients in the rural area.

Keywords: Neoplastic; Biopsy; Gastrointestinal Tumors; Adenoma; Malignancy

 Introduction: Cervical cancer is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among women with nearly four lakh new cases diagnosed annually worldwide, of which 80 % cases are in developing nations. Cervical Pap smear is a sensitive test for early screening of cervical lesions. Materials and Methods: A two year retrospective study of pap smears was conducted in the Department of Pathology from December 2013 – December 2015. A total of 5,464 pap smears were studied from patients in the age group of 17 ­80 years. Conventional pap smears were prepared according to standard procedures and were reported according to 2014 Bethesda system. Result: Out of 5,464 patients screened, 5,158(94.39 %) cases were benign, 157 (2.87%) were pre­malignant, 8 (0.14%) were malignant and 141 (2.58%) were unsatisfactory. The pre­malignant lesions were highest between 41­50 years and malignant cases between 51­60 years. Conclusion: Pap smear screening for cervical cancer is a highly effective tool for early detection of cervical premalignant lesions to prevent their progression to overt malignancy. Pap smear screening must be made mandatory after 30 years of age.

Keywords: Pap Smear; Screening; Intraepithelial Malignant Lesions.

 Introduction: Haemoglobinopathies and thalessemias are inherited disorders of haemoglobin synthesis.It is estimated that at least 5.2% of the world population and more than 7% of pregnant women are carriers of abnormal haemoglobins.The aim of the present study was to evaluate capillary electrophoresis method for the detection of thalessemias and haemoglobinopathies in patients visiting our haemotology department for Hb electrophoresis. Materials and Methods: The present retrospective study was carried out in our haematology department between September 2015 to August 2016 . A total of 500 patients in both the sexes registered for Hb electrophoresis were included in the study. Blood samples were collected intravenously in K3 EDTA tubes using standard protocols.A complete blood count was performed on each sample on LH 750 (Beckman coulter) fully automated haematology analyser within 12 hours of blood collection. All the blood samples were later run on capillary electrophoresis system (Sebia)as per standard protocols. Results: There were 38.6% males and 61.4% females .The male to female ratio was 0.6:1. 311 patients(62.2%)had normal Hb electrophoretic pattern .Sicle cell trait was detected in 68(13.6%) patients.Thalessemia minor was detected in 51(10.2%) patients, Sickle cell disease in 47(9.4%)patients,.17 patients (3.4%) were detected to have Thalassemia major.Two cases (0.4%) had HbD. One each(0.2%) case was observed for Hb Barts, HbE, HbH and hereditary persistence of foetal haemoglobin (HPFH). Conclusion: Detection of haemoglobinopathies and Thalessemias have become easier due to rapid technical advances in the field of haematology. Capillary electrophoresis has an edge over other methods currently in use because it is rapid, precise and has high resolution and is extremely useful in screening population for haemoglobinopathies and thalessemias and can be used in conjunction with HPLC method for detection of new and rare Hb variants.

Keywords: Capillary Electrophoresis; Haemoglobinopathies; Thalessemia; HPLC.

 Background and Objectives: Fallopian tubes are the common specimens received in the histopathology laboratory. The recent concept of fallopian tube epithelium as a main source for tubal, ovarian and pelvic carcinoma is becoming common. Hence proper examination of fallopian tube is essential. The aims and objectives of this study is to describe various histomorphological aspects of fallopian tube tumors and tumor like lesions. Materials and Methods: Present study is a prospective descriptive study. A total of 361 fallopian tubes specimens were included, these were routinely processed and sections of 5 micron thickness were taken and stained with Hematoxylin and eosin. Detailed gross and microscopic examination was done. Results: Total of 361 fallopian tubes were analyzed, pathological lesions were seen in 50.96%(n=184) cases. Out of which 1.38%(n=5) cases showed features of malignancy with primary fallopian tube carcinoma(PFTC) accounting for 0.27%(n=1) cases and metastatic carcinoma accounted for 1.11%(n=4) cases. Tumor like epithelial lesion included salpingitis isthmica nodosa(SIN) which was seen in 0.85%(n=3) cases. Conclusion: In the present study most patients (86.89%) had the fallopian tubes removed as a part of hysterectomy which was done for other causes rather than tubal pathology. It was observed that almost half of them had tubal pathology. The present study has made a meticulous attempt and studied the gross and microscopic features of fallopian tube tumors and tumor like lesions and categorized the lesions into various groups.

Keywords: Primary Fallopian Tube Carcinoma(PFTC); Salpingitis Isthmica Nodosa(SIN); Metastatic Carcinoma.