Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology

Introduction: Ovarian pregnancy is extremely uncommon, and when it does occur, it typically occurs in young, multiparous women who are extremely fertile. Case presentation: We present a case ofa 33-year-old multiparous female who underwent bilateral tubectomy 4 years back, presented with abdominal pain, and was diagnosed as ruptured ectopic pregnancy and was confi rmed intra-operatively and histopathological as ovarian pregnancy. Diagnosis: Ruptured Ovarian Ectopic Pregnancy. Therapeutic Intervention: The patient was immediately taken for surgery with blood transfusion (2 unit prc), laparotomy was done and the ruptured ovary was removed and cauterized. Conclusion: We want to conclude that although ectopic ovarian or tubal gestation following tubectomy is uncommon, one must take this possibility into account if the patient exhibits the classic signs and symptoms of ectopic gestation after a history of amenorrhea. Better investigations and imaging technique knowledge are therefore vitally needed for early diagnosis in order to give time for conservative non-surgical management and lower morbidity related to blood loss and surgery

Introduction: Metastasic tumors of the heart are extremely rare and these cases are mostly diagnosed at autopsy. Although being rare, these tumors are 30 - 40 times more common than the primary cardiac tumors. The incidence of metastatic tumor of the heart is 1.5 to 20.6% which is gradually increasing in number. In the majority of carcinomas metastatic to the heart,the primary tumor is in the thoracic cavity or contiguous area, and the tumor reaches the heart by metastasizing to the mediastinal lymph nodes and from there it extends in a retrograde fashion to the cardiac lymph vessels. Methodology: Autopsy was conducted on a 40-year-old male patient who had died of a chronic unknown illness and his organs which included heart, lungs, liver, spleen and kidneys ere received in our department. Observation and Results: Microsections from lung and various portions of the heart showed a well diff erentiated SCCs with keratinization and sporadic keratin pearls. Conclusion: Metastasis to the heart develops very rarely as the initial presentation of a malignancy. Most of the patients have widespread metastasis and cardiac involvement is usually diagnosed at autopsy. Although cardiac metastasis from heart is rare, the possibility of the primary should be considered in the absence of a previous history, symptoms or even a discrete lesion

Introduction: This study was done with the objective to study the presence of various species of diatoms present in the thermophilic water bodies of Madhya Pradesh (Anhoni and ChavalPani). And to determine the correlation of physiological variables such as temperature and pH to the diatom density. Methodology: For the detection of diatom species in the water samples acid digestion method was used.50 ml of sample was taken and 10 ml of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) was added. The sample is then kept undisturbed for 24 hours. the sample was then centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3000rpm 3 times. the palettes formed were suspended in distilled water and centrifuged at 3000 rpm to remove acid content. The palettes are then transferred onto a clean and dry slide and are dried by keeping them on a hot plate at 30-40 C for 4-5 minutes. This slide is then observed under a phase contrast microscope and pictures are taken of varied diatom species using the attached camera. Observations and Results: The analysis in our research concluded that there are various diatoms present in these thermal water springs belonging to the class Bacillariophyceae, Mediophyceae and Fragiariophyceae. The diatoms that were viewed and captured under Phase contrast microscope were, Nitzschiapalea, Nitzschialinearis, Discostellastelligera, Achnanthidium Sp., Tabularia Sp., Anomoeoneissphaerophora, Amphipleura Sp., Tryblionella Sp., Fragilariacrotonensis., and Nitzschiafi liformis The research lead us to the results that hot water springs that had lower temperatures had more percentage of diatom density as compared to the hot water springs with higher temperatures. According to our research 60% of the diatoms found were from the geothermal spring of Anhoni, Madhya Pardesh which had a lower temperature while the geothermal spring at Chawalpani, Madhya Pradesh was found to have lower diatom density due to its high temperatures and low nutrient index. When the pH of these water samples was studied against the diatom density, no signifi cant diff erence was found due to the nominal range diff erence in pH. Yet geothermal springs had a 10% more diatom density at a low pH level which is 5 in this case study. This research leads to certain crucial conclusions that gave us strong evidence for co-relation amidst temperature, pH and diatoms. Conclusion: Geothermal springs are a habitat to many diatom species. These diatom species are specifi c to a particular site and are used in cases of drowning death for leads. On extraction and analysis of these diatoms we can detect and compare them to the standard diatoms present in the water sources of that area. This helps Forensic Scientist fi nds leads in any case of death due to drowning. the analysis in our research concludes the presence of diatom species in the geothermal springs of Madhya Pradesh, namely Anhoni and Chawalpani. These diatoms include species belonging to class of Bacillariophyceae, Mediophyceae and Fragilariophyceae. it also establishes the correlation between the temperature, pH and diatom density of these geothermal springs. It can be concluded that the geothermal springs that have lower temperature and pH are prove to have higher diatom density and diversity as compared to the ones with higher temperature.

A signifi cant question in forensic casework is the estimation of time since death (TSD) in the early post-mortem phase. Muscles undergo a condition of rigor mortis following death, accompanied by post-mortem consumption of adenosine triphosphate. Lividity is a dark purple coloration of the skin induced by blood accumulating in the aff ected area. Environmental factors play a crucial part in the determination of TSD using diff erent parameters through various methods. The purpose of this study is assessment of TSD and eff ect of contributory variables on existence of rigor mortis and fi xation of lividity in cadavers kept at room temperature during winter season in Varanasi region. This is a prospective and observational study. 102 cadavers escorted for medicolegal autopsy at the mortuary of the Department of Forensic Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi for the duration of consecutive two years in winter season from December 2019 - February 2020 and November 2020 - February 2021. All the cases were studied for rigor mortis and found an average post-mortem interval of 18.67 ± 9.43 hrs. Post-mortem lividity was found to be not fi xed in 21 (20.59%) cases before 10 hrs, while 76 (74.51%) cases of lividity had already been fi xed after 10 hrs and 5 (4.9%) cases of lividity were found to be not observable. Livor and rigor mortis have minimal predictive potential due to the eff ect of diff erent contributory variables on the development of rigor and fi xation of lividity

Dependency to electrical equipments and improper safety measures has led to a signifi cant increase in deaths due to electrocution. Confi rming the cause of death in electrocution is one of the biggest challenges. Skin is the most frequently involved tissue in electrocution and histopathology of skin from electric marks aids in proper diagnosis. To study the histomorphological features of epidermis and dermis in skin tissue of entry and exit wounds in electrocution deaths. This is an observational study done over a period of one year. Skin biopsy from medico legal autopsy of non-lightening electrocution deaths obtained from entry or exit wound site were included for the study. Gross and histopathological details were studied and data analyzed. Signifi cant gross features were surface discoloration of skin 16 (61%) and ulceration 05 (20%). Microscopic features were coagulative necrosis 21 (80.7%), dermo-epidermal separation 20 (80.7%), focal ulceration of epithelium 05 (19%), clefting of epidermis (60%), streaming of nuclei (92.3%), elongation of nuclei (92.3%) and microblisters 02 (15.3%). One of the important causes of negative autopsy is electrocution deaths. In such cases dermatopathology is a diagnostic tool coupled with circumstantial evidence. Histological hallmark of electrocution skin injury is epidermal nuclear elongation.

Dependency to electrical equipments and improper safety measures has led to a signifi cant increase in deaths due to electrocution. Confi rming the cause of death in electrocution is one of the biggest challenges. Skin is the most frequently involved tissue in electrocution and histopathology of skin from electric marks aids in proper diagnosis. To study the histomorphological features of epidermis and dermis in skin tissue of entry and exit wounds in electrocution deaths. This is an observational study done over a period of one year. Skin biopsy from medico legal autopsy of non-lightening electrocution deaths obtained from entry or exit wound site were included for the study. Gross and histopathological details were studied and data analyzed. Signifi cant gross features were surface discoloration of skin 16 (61%) and ulceration 05 (20%). Microscopic features were coagulative necrosis 21 (80.7%), dermo-epidermal separation 20 (80.7%), focal ulceration of epithelium 05 (19%), clefting of epidermis (60%), streaming of nuclei (92.3%), elongation of nuclei (92.3%) and microblisters 02 (15.3%). One of the important causes of negative autopsy is electrocution deaths. In such cases dermatopathology is a diagnostic tool coupled with circumstantial evidence. Histological hallmark of electrocution skin injury is epidermal nuclear elongation.

Autopsy is a medical practice where post mortem examination of the body is performed to determine the cause of death. Internal organs are studied by gross evaluation and correlated with histopathological fi ndings. Lung pathologies include a wide range of infectious, infl ammatory, neoplastic, and occupational diseases. Determining the cause of death helps in future patient management and also helps to adopt prophylactic measures to prevent pulmonary dysfunction. This study evaluates the histopathological spectrum of pulmonary lesions in autopsies, which were the direct cause of death or incidental fi ndings. This was a retrospective study conducted on lung autopsies, in the department of pathology, for a period of 4 years. After gross examination, formalin fi xed paraffi n-embedded lung sections were stained, histopathological evaluation was performed, and fi ndings were recorded and tabulated. Statistical analysis based on frequency was done. This study includes a total of 240 cases. The most common age group was between 41 to 50 years, followed by 31 to 40 years. Also, a male predominance of 74.58% was noted in the study. On histopathological evaluation, 7.5% of cases were autolyzed, and 4.16% had normal histomorphology. The most common fi nding was mild pulmonary congestion, followed by pulmonary edema. These fi ndings can occur secondary to a terminal event. Hence the most common fi nding that can cause mortality is acute pneumonia. Other common fi ndings were emphysema, diff use alveolar damage, intra-pulmonary hemorrhage, and pulmonary vein thrombosis. Infectious pathologies are the main pulmonary lesions that lead to death. Early diagnosis and treatment can reduce these preventable causes of mortality. Acute pneumonia is the most common pathology that accounts for mortality. Pulmonary tuberculosis also contributes a fair number to mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment can reduce these preventable causes of mortality. Public awareness about these diseases can reduce morbidity and mortality to a greater extent.

This study was done with an objective to do a craniometric study of supra meatal triangle and mastoid process to explore the variations as a determinant to sex. A total of 47 skull bones formed our study sample which comprised of 31 males and 16 females Six landmarks were identifi ed on each side of the skulland measurements were taken using Digital Vernier caliper with precision of 0.01. The area of supra-meatal triangle in male was 134.68± 21.69 mm3 on the right side and 134.17± 16.98 mm3 on the left side. In females the area of supra-meatal triangle was 114.82± 21.99 mm3 on right side and 122.46± 24.05 mm3 on the left side. In male skulls, the length, breadth and width of the mastoid process on the right side was 23.56 ± 2.88, 19.81 ± 2.49 and 11.46 ± 2.51 mm and the left side measurements were 23.33 ± 2.17, 18.93 ± 1.91 and 10.84 ± 2.39mm respectively. In females the length, breath and width of mastoid were 23.03 ± 2.94, 18.87 ± 2.42 and 10.03 ± 2.32 mm on right side and 22.06 ± 1.99, 17.85± 2.22 and 9.43 ± 1.89 mm in left side respectively. In this present study the supra meatal triangle and all measurements of mastoid process were greater in males with the mastoid breadth and width showed statistically signifi cant values. The fi ndings can be applied to unknown skull samples or bone fragmentsand can provide insight to future studies of forensic anthropologists and ENT surgeons.