Suraj Sundaragiri Civil Assistant Surgeon Forensic Medicine Specialist, Community Health Centre, Kodad, Suryapet, Telangana 508206, India., India
Srikanth Tandur Consultant, Department of General Medicine, Amrutha Laxmi Hospital, Khaleelwadi, Nizamabad, Telangana 500301, India., India
Chaitanya Mittal Senior Resident, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India., India
Abilash Srinivasamurthy Senior Resident, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India., India
Address for correspondence: Suraj Sundaragiri, Civil Assistant Surgeon Forensic Medicine Specialist, Community Health Centre, Kodad, Suryapet, Telangana 508206, India., India E-mail: null
This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.
Sundaragiri S, Tandur S, Mittal C, et al. Renal Failure Associated with Animal Toxins. Indian J Forensic Med Pathol. 2020;13(1):102–110.
Timeline
Received : September 09, 2019
Accepted : November 13, 2019
Published : December 30, 2019
Abstract
Venomous and poisonous animals are a major cause of global morbidity and mortality with cardiovascular and renal toxicity as common presentation. Renal functional impairment as a result of their toxicity is manifested in form of specific histopathological changes. Regardless of vast mentioning of renal toxicity in literature previously, only few studies are currently available with an integrated approach. This paper mentions about various such animals with nephrotoxic potential describing the toxic principles in their venom and inflicted changes in renal pathology.
References
1. Forrester JA, Holstege CP, Forrester JD. Fatalities from venomous and nonvenomous animals in the United States (1999–2007). Wilderness Environ Med. 2012;23(2):146–52.
2. Utkin YN. Animal venom studies: current benefits and future developments. World J Biol Chem. 2015;6(2):28–33.
3. Sundaragiri S, Tandur S. Electrocardiographic Profile of Cardiotoxic Plants and Animals. Int J Med Res Health Sci. 2016;5(11):719–25.
4. Sitprija V, Sitprija S. Renal effects and injury induced by animal toxins. Toxicon. 2012;60(5):943–53.
5. Sitprija V. Animal toxins and the kidney. Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology. 2008;4(11):616–27.
6. Ericsson CD, Hatz C, Junghanss T, et al. Medically important venomous animals: biology, prevention, first aid, and clinical management. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(10):1309–17.
7. World Health Organization. Snakebite envenoming: Fact sheet. Geneva: WHO; 2016.
8. Athappan G, Balaji MV, Navaneethan U, Thirumalikolundusubramanian P. Acute renal failure in snake envenomation: a large prospective study. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2008;19(3):404–10.
9. Faiz MA, Ghose A, Ahsan MF, et al. The greater black krait (Bungarus niger), a newly recognized cause of neuro-myotoxic snake bite envenoming in Bangladesh. Brain. 2010;133(11):3181–93.
10. Isbister GK, Little M, Cull G, et al. Thrombotic microangiopathy from Australian brown snake (Pseudonaja) envenoming. Intern Med J. 2007;37(8):523–8.
11. Ponraj D, Gopalakrishnakone P. Renal lesions in rhabdomyolysis caused by Pseudechis australis snake myotoxin. Kidney Int. 1997;51(6):1956–69.
12. Heller J, Bosward KL, Hodgson DR, et al. Anuric renal failure in a dog after Red and bellied Black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) envenomation. Aust Vet J. 2006;84(5):158–62.
13. Isbister GK, O’Leary MA, Elliott M, et al. Tiger snake (Notechis spp) envenoming: australian snakebite project (ASP-13). Med J Aust. 2012;197(3):173–7.
14. Dixon RW, Harris JB. Myotoxic activity of the toxic phospholipase, notexin, from the venom of the Australian tiger snake. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1996;55(12):1230–7.
15. De Roodt AR, Lago NR, Stock RP. Myotoxicity and nephrotoxicity by Micrurus venoms in experimental envenomation. Toxicon. 2012;59(2):356–64.
16. Cobcroft RG, Williams A, Cook D, et al. Hemolytic uremic syndrome following taipan envenomation with response to plasmapheresis. Pathology. 1997;29(4):399–402.
17. Warrell DA. Treatment of bites by adders and exotic venomous snakes. BMJ. 2005;331(7527):1244–7.
18. Reading CJ. Incidence, pathology, and treatment of adder (Vipera berus L.) bites in man. Emerg Med J. 1996;13(5):346–51.
20. Aznaurian AV, Amiryan SV. Histopathological changes induced by the venom of the snake Vipera raddei (Armenian adder). Toxicon. 2006;47(2):141–3.
21. Lalloo DG, Trevett AJ, Black J, et al. Neurotoxicity, anticoagulant activity and evidence of rhabdomyolysis in patients bitten by death adders (Acanthophis sp.) in southern Papua New Guinea. J Assoc Physicians. 1996;89(1):25–35.
22. Wickramaratna JC, Fry BG, Hodgson WC. Species-dependent variations in the in vitro myotoxicity of death adder (Acanthophis) venoms. Toxicol Sci. 2003;74(2):352–60.
23. Schneemann M, Cathomas R, Laidlaw ST, et al. Life-threatening envenoming by the Saharan horned viper (Cerastes cerastes) causing micro-angiopathic haemolysis, coagulopathy and acute renal failure: clinical cases and review. Int J Med. 2004;97(11):717–27.
24. Otero R, Gutiérrez J, Mesa MB, et al. Complications of Bothrops, Porthidium, and Bothriechis snakebites in Colombia. A clinical and epidemiological study of 39 cases attended in a university hospital. Toxicon. 2002;40(8):1107–14.
25. Boer-Lima PA, Gontijo JA, Cruz-Höfling MA. Bothrops moojeni snake venom-induced renal glomeruli changes in rat. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002;67(2):217–22.
26. Cidade DA, Simão TA, Dávila AM, et al. Bothrops jararaca venom gland transcriptome: analysis of the gene expression pattern. Toxicon. 2006;48(4):437–61.
28. Joseph JK, Simpson ID, Menon NC, et al. First authenticated cases of life-threatening envenoming by the hump-nosed pit viper (Hypnale hypnale) in India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007;101(1):85–90.
29. Tan NH, Fung SY, Tan KY, et al. Functional venomics of the Sri Lankan Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii) and its toxinological correlations. J Proteom. 2015 Oct 14;128:403–23.
30. Suntravat M, Yusuksawad M, Sereemaspun A, et al. Effect of purified Russell’s viper venom-factor X activator (RVV-X) on renal hemodynamics, renal functions, and coagulopathy in rats. Toxicon. 2011;58(3):230–8.
31. Ali G, Kak M, Kumar M, et al. Acute renal failure following Echis carinatus (saw–scaled viper) envenomation. Indian J Nephrol. 2004;14:177–81.
32. Pinho FM, Zanetta DM, Burdmann EA. Acute renal failure after Crotalus durissus snakebite: a prospective survey on 100 patients. Kidney Int. 2005;67(2):659–67.
33. Monteiro HS, Da Silva IM, Martins AM, Fonteles MC. Actions of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom and crotoxin on the isolated rat kidney. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2001;34(10):1347–52.
34. Vaughan-Scott RG. Boomslang envenomation in a dog. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1995;66(4):265–7.
35. Kamiguti AS, Theakston RD, Sherman N, et al. Mass spectrophotometric evidence for P-III/P-IV metalloproteinases in the venom of the Boomslang (Dispholidus typus). Toxicon. 2000;38(11):1613–20.
36. Seow E, Kuperan P, Goh SK, et al. Morbidity after a bite from a’non-venomous’ pet snake. Singapore Med J. 2000;41(1):34–5.
37. Smeets RE, Melman PG, Hoffmann JJ, et al. Severe coagulopathy after a bite from a ‘harmless’ snake (Rhabdophis subminiatus). J Int Med. 1991;230(4):351–4.
38. Ali SA, Alam JM, Abbasi A, et al. Sea snake Hydrophis cyanocinctus venom. II. Histopathological changes, induced by a myotoxic phospholipase A2 (PLA2-H1). Toxicon. 2000;38(5):687–705.
39. Zimmerman SE, Heatwole HH, Andreopoulos PC, et al. Proliferative glomerulonephritis in mice induced by sea snake (Aipysurus laevis) venom. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 1992;44(5):294–300.
40. Sun Z, Amsterdam A, Pazour GJ, et al. A genetic screen in zebrafish identifies cilia genes as a principal cause of cystic kidney. Development. 2004;131(16):4085–93.
41. Singh NS, Singh LK, Khaidem I, et al. Acute renal failure following consumption of raw fish gallbladder from Manipur. J Assoc Physicians India. 2004;52:743–5.
42. Sahoo RN, Mohapatra MK, Sahoo B, et al. Acute renal failure associated with freshwater fish toxin. Trop Geogr Med. 1995;47(2):94–5.
43. Xuan BH, Thi TX, Nguyen ST, et al. Ichthyotoxic ARF after fish gallbladder ingestion: a large case series from Vietnam. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41(1):220–4.
44. Mizuno M, Nozaki M, Morine N, et al. A protein toxin from the sea anemone Phyllodiscus semoni targets the kidney and causes a severe renal injury with predominant glomerular endothelial damage. Am J Pathol. 2007;171(2):402–14.
45. Mizuno M, Nishikawa K, Yuzawa Y, et al. Acute renal failure after a sea anemone sting. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36(2):e10–1.
46. Wang B, Zhang L, Zheng J, et al. Multiple organ dysfunction: a delayed envenomation syndrome caused by tentacle extract from the jellyfish Cyanea capillata. Toxicon. 2013;61:54–61.
47. Thaikruea L, Siriariyaporn P, Wutthanarungsan R, et al. Review of fatal and severe cases of box jellyfish envenomation in Thailand. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2015;27(2):NP1639–51.
48. Li R, Yu H, Yue Y, et al. In depth analysis of the in vivo toxicity of venom from the jellyfish Stomolophus meleagris. Toxicon. 2014;92:60–5.
49. Koya S, Crenshaw D, Agarwal A. Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure after fire ant bites. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(1):145–7.
50. George P, Mathew P, Pawar B, et al. Wasp sting: An unusual fatal outcome. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2008;19(6):969–72.
51. Chao YW, Yang AH, Ng YY, et al. Acute interstitial nephritis and pigmented tubulopathy in a patient after wasp stings. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43(2):e6–1.
52. Daher ED, Oliveira RA, Silva LS, et al. Acute renal failure following bee stings. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2009;42(2):209–12.
53. Vikrant S, Pandey D, Machhan P, et al. Wasp envenomation-induced acute renal failure: A report of three cases (Case Report). Nephrology. 2005;10(6):548–52.
54. Sharma A, Wanchu A, Mahesha V, et al. Acute tubulo-interstitial nephritis leading to acute renal failure following multiple hornet stings. BMC Nephrol. 2006;7(1):18.
55. Isbister GK, Fan HW. Spider bite. Lancet. 2011;378(9808):2039–47.
56. De Souza AL, Malaque CM, Sztajnbok J, et al. Loxosceles venom-induced cytokine activation, hemolysis, and acute kidney injury. Toxicon. 2008;51(1):151–6.
57. Kusma J, Chaim OM, Wille AC, et al. Nephrotoxicity caused by brown spider venom phospholipase-D (dermonecrotic toxin) depends on catalytic activity. Biochimie. 2008;90(11-12):1722–36.
58. Luciano MN, da Silva PH, Chaim OM, et al. Experimental evidence for a direct cytotoxicity of Loxosceles intermedia (brown spider) venom in renal tissue. J Histochem Cytochem. 2004;52(4):455–67.
59. Logan JL, Ogden DA. Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure following the bite of the giant desert centipede Scolopendra heros. West J Med. 1985;142(4):549.
60. Bush SP, King BO, Norris RL, Stockwell SA. Centipede envenomation. Wilderness Environ Med. 2001;12(2):93–9.
61. Gamborgi GP, Metcalf EB, Barros EJ. Acute renal failure provoked by toxin from caterpillars of the species Lonomia obliqua. Toxicon. 2006;47(1):68–74.
62. Valavi E, Ansari MA. Hemolytic uremic syndrome following Hemiscorpius lepturus (scorpion) sting. Indian J Nephrol. 2008;18(4):166–68.
63. Dehghani R, Khamehchian T, Vazirianzadeh B, et al. Toxic effects of scorpion, Hemiscorpius lepturus (Hemiscorpiidae) venom on mice. J Anim Plant Sci. 2012;22(3):593–6.
64. De Sousa Alves R, do Nascimento NR, Barbosa PS, et al. Renal effects and vascular reactivity induced by Tityus serrulatus venom. Toxicon. 2005;46(3):271–6.
65. Nasr HB, Bolon B, Hammami ST, et al. Clinical Pathology Alterations in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Rats following Scorpion Envenomation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2009;105(4):228–35.
66. D’Souza RC, Athalye RP. Assessment of nephrotoxicity in male albino rat due to short and long term intake of traditional aphrodisiac, Cantharis Q. J Exp Zool. 2013;16(1):317–22.
Data Sharing Statement
There are no additional data available. All raw data and code are available upon request.
Funding
This research received no funding.
Author Contributions
Whether all authors contributed significantly to the work and approve its publication.
Ethics Declaration
This article does not involve any human or animal subjects, and therefore does not require ethics approval.
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our gratitude to the patients, their families, and all those who have contributed to this study.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
About this article
Cite this article
Sundaragiri S, Tandur S, Mittal C, et al. Renal Failure Associated with Animal Toxins. Indian J Forensic Med Pathol. 2020;13(1):102–110.
This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.
This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.