Abstract

Biophysics and biochemistry are fundamental disciplines that have revolutionized modern medicine by providing deep insights into the molecular and structural basis of diseases. Biophysicists employ advanced techniques such as spectroscopy, microscopy, and computational modelling to investigate biomolecular interactions, while biochemists focus on metabolic pathways, enzymatic functions, and genetic mutations. Together, these fields enhance disease diagnosis through biomarker discovery, imaging technologies, and biosensing applications. This review comprehensively examines the contributions of biophysics and biochemistry in diagnosing major diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and infectious diseases. We also discuss emerging technologies, challenges in clinical translation, and future directions in precision diagnostics.

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