Abstract

Plant-parasitic nematodes are one of the greatest threats to crops worldwide. Plant-parasitic nematodes are microscopic worms that cause billions of dollars in crop losses annually. Belongs to the animal kingdom and can survive in any environment as the most important plant pathogen in agriculture, causing yield losses of crops worldwide. Nematode infection in the soil can lead to secondary infection with fungal and bacterial pathogens and even to the transmission of plantinfecting viruses. Vegetable crops are usually most susceptible to the nematodes. Plant-parasitic nematodes are small worms like transparent, bilateral symmetry, pseudocoelomate, multicellular, free-living or parasitic microorganisms which are predatory, aquatic, terrestrial, entomopathogenic, ectoparasite, endoparasite, semiendoparasite. Plant-parasitic nematodes differ in their way of life. Ectoparasitic nematodes outside the host cells feed on plant roots while endoparasitic nematodes establish within plant tissue and are divided into migratory and sedentary groups. Migratory endoparasitic nematodes are Pratylenchus spp. Radopholus spp. and Hirschmanniella are economically important. Plant parasite nematodes are identified by stylet and sub-ventral and dorsal esophagous glands which plays a significant role. Meloidogyne spp. Heterodera spp. Globodera spp. and Pratylenchus spp. are important species and widely distributed throughout the world with a wide host range. Phytonematodes suppress host immune responses for the development of feeding sites. Plant-parasitic nematodes have hollow, needle-like, protrusible stylet to probe plant tissue and release proteinaceous secretions from the sub-ventral and dorsal glands, allowing for nematode entry. The economically important species target plant roots of crops and prevent water and nutrient uptake resulting in reduced crop yields. Nematodes damage the host plants by causing wounds on the plant roots forming brown spots, changing the physiology of the host, making them more vulnerable to being infected by other pathogens and leading to environmental stresses. Once nematodes are introduced into an agricultural area, their eradication is difficult. Integrated management is recommended based on different practices to reduce soil nematode populations.

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