Abstract

Pulses are annual leguminous crops and one of the most important food crops globally due to their high protein content and rich sources of dietary fiber, minerals and vitamins. Legume crops belong to the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae). Its contribute approximately 20–25% of the protein consumed in the form of dal as an source of plant-based protein in the human diet. The crop residues viz., leaves, pod coats, and bran are used as dry fodder for livestock. Mung bean plants are also utilized as green manure, improving soil health and enhancing nutrient. Pulses crops maintaining soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation, their root nodules harbor Rhizobium bacteria in a symbiotic relationship. The bacteria receive carbohydrates such as sugars and starch from the host plant. These bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into nitrates. Each nodule remains functional for about four weeks before decomposing and releasing nitrogen into the soil. India is the largest producer of pulses in the world. Major pulse crops grown in India include chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.), mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), urad bean (Vigna mungo L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), and various other beans. Pulse crops are cultivated during the Kharif, Rabi, and Zaid seasons. However, pulse production is constrained by several biotic and abiotic stresses, including diseases, insect pests, drought, water logging, salinity, and other environmental stresses. Among these, diseases significantly reduce crop yield. Legumes are susceptible to a wide range of pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. Major diseases of legumes include rusts, powdery and downy mildews, Ascochyta blights, Botrytis grey mould, anthracnose, root rots, collar rots, wilts, viral diseases, bacterial blights, and nematode infestations. These pathogens are transmitted through air, soil, and seed, posing a major constraint to yield. Seed serves as the primary source of inoculums for many pathogens. Seed-borne diseases of pulses include Ascochyta blight, Botrytis (grey) mould, Stemphylium blight, anthracnose, Alternaria leaf spot, bacterial blight, and mosaic diseases, all of which require effective management strategies. Among major pulse crops, chickpea is affected by Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri), blight (Mycosphaerella pinodes), and rust (Uromyces ciceris-arietini). Pigeon pea suffers from wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. udum) and sterility mosaic disease. Pea is mainly affected by powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni) and rust (Uromyces viciaefabae), along with several other minor diseases.

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