Full Text (PDF)
Review Article

Occupational Hazards vs Modernization of Agriculture: A Holistic study on The tribal Farm Women of Birbhum, West Bengal

Anannya Chakraborty

Author Information

Licence:

Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)

This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.


Indian Journal of Agriculture Business 12(1):p 106-114, January 2026. | DOI: https://doi.org/10.21088/ijab.2454.7964.12126.11

How Cite This Article:

Anannya Chakraborty. Occupational Hazards vs Modernization of Agriculture:- A Holistic study on The tribal Farm Women of Birbhum, West Bengal. J Agri Busi 2026; 12(1): 106–114.

Timeline

Received : September 06, 2024         Accepted : October 05, 2025          Published : June 20, 2026

Abstract

A study was conducted on Raipur GP and village, Sriniketan block, Birbhum district of West Bengal, India. With 200 respondents. Agriculture is an ancient profession that has played a crucial role in human civilization and has provided sustenance for millions of people throughout history. However, it is important to recognize that agriculture can also be a hazardous occupation, particularly in regions where safety regulations and standards are lacking or not adequately enforced. The tribal farm women of Birbhum district in West Bengal, India, face significant risks and vulnerabilities related to their involvement in agriculture. Total 18 variables are considered for the study in which 13 are Independent variables and 5 are Dependent variables. After performing all the studies the outcomes which we are expecting are a comparative picture can be revealed of the physical and mental status of tribal farm women of present day and of the era of drastic manual labor. Beside that Analysis of change in trends of farming can be done as far as the mechanization of agriculture is concerned. And also A Preliminary Idea would be generated on the occupational hazards, suffered by tribal women while farming.


References

  • 1.   Gulitat K, Tirumeh G. Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices of healthcare
  • 2.   Mossbug S, Agore A, Nkimbeny M, Commodore-Mensah Y. Occupational hazards among healthcare workers in Africa: A systematic review. Ann Global Health 2019; 85:78.
  • 3.   Murty S. Socio-Economic Participation of Women in Informal Sector. Jaipur: RBSA Publishers; 2008. [Google Scholar]
  • 4.   Occupational Health, National Institute of Occupational Health. [Last accessed on 2018 Jul 08]. Available from :http://wwwniohorg/
  • 5.   Assessment of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities in blood plasma of agricultural workers. [Indian J Occup Environ Med,2012 Sep-Dec ; 127-130] [Google scholar].
  • 6.   Gulitat K, Tirumeh G. Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices of healthcare workers on infection prevention in health institution. JPH 2014; 2014:384-93.
  • 7.   Mossbug S, Agore A, Nkimbeny M, Commodore-Mensah Y. Occupational hazards among healthcare workers in Africa: A systematic review. Ann Global Health 2019; 85:78.
  • 8.   Murty S. Socio-Economic Participation of Women in Informal Sector. Jaipur: RBSA Publishers; 2008. [Google Scholar]
  • 9.   Occupational Health, National Institute of Occupational Health. [Last accessed on 2018
  • 10.   Assessment of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities in blood plasma of agricultural workers. [Indian J Occup Environ Med,2012 Sep-Dec ; 127-130] [Google scholar].
  • 11.   Economics analysis of farm level agricultural risks in coastal region in West Bengal. [Journal of soil salinity and water quality 11(2), 269-279, 2019]
  • 12.   www.ijaas.org.in [Reference Research Journal], Vol-4, No 2,2018.
  • 13.   Primary prevention of ocular injury in agricultural workers with safety eyewear. [Indian journal of Ophthalmology, 2017 Sep; 65(9) :859-864]
  • 14.   Comparative Studies of Boerhaavia Diffusa L. and Boerhaavia Verticillata Poir.
  • 15.   The Tribal Hospital: An interview with Dr.Regi George of the tribal health initiative. [www. cmijournal.org, on Thursday May 11, 2023]
  • 16.   Gender participation in Indian agriculture: An ergonomic evaluation of occupational hazards of farm and Allied activities. [International journal of Agriculture, Environment and
  • 17.   Health risks of employees working in pesticide retail shop: An exploratory study. [2009, Vol 13, issue 3, 121-126]
  • 18.   Agricultural work related injuries among the farmers of West Bengal, India. [International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 2014, 21:3, 205-215]
  • 19.   Carlson, K. F., Gerberich, S. G., Church, T. R., Ryan, A. D., Alexander, B. H., Mongin, S. J.,
  • 20.   Singh, R., Sharma, A. K., Jain, S., Sharma, S. C., & Magu, N. K. (2005). Wheat thresher
  • 21.   Katsuyama, H., Tsuchiya, G., Sunami, S., & Saijoh, K. (1999).Trends in absenteeism due to sickness and injury between 1986 and 1995 at a shipbuilding company. Journal of Occupational Health, 41, 271–278.
  • 22.   Mohan, D., & Patel, R. (1992). Design of safer agricultural equipment: Application of
  • 23.   Tiwari, P. S., Gite, L. P., Dubey, A. K., & Kot, L. S. (2002).Agricultural injuries in central India: Nature, magnitude, and economic impact. Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health, 8, 95–111.
  • 24.   Nevala-Puranen, N., & Sorensen, L. (1997). Physical strain and work ergonomics in farmers with disabilities. International Journal of Occupational Safety & Ergonomics, 3, 77–88.
  • 25.   Nag, P. K., & Nag, A. (2004). Drudgery, accidents and injuries in Indian agriculture. Industrial Health, 42, 149–162.
  • 26.   Kumar, A., Mohan, D., & Mahajan, P. (1998). Studies on tractor related injuries in northern India. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 30, 53–60.
  • 27.   Rautiainen, R. H., & Reynolds, S. J. (2002). Mortality and morbidity in agriculture in the United States. Journal of Agricultural Safety Health, 8, 259–276.
  • 28.   Census of India. (2001). Series I, Paper-2, 2001, Regional General and Census Commissioner, India.
  • 29.   Das, B., & Gangopadhyay, S. (2011). An ergonomics evaluation of posture related discomfort and occupational health problem among rice farmers. Occupational Ergonomics, 10, 25–38.
  • 30.   di Lorenzo, L., Zocchetti, C., Platania, A., de Francesco, G., deMetrio, R., Pirris, A., & Gigante, M. R. (1998). Minor and major work accidents in a Puglia business in the food
  • 31.   Dimich-Ward, H., Guernsey, J. R., Pickett, W., Rennie, D., Hartling, L., & Brison, R J. (2004). Gender differences in the occurrence of farm related injuries. Occupational Environmental Medicine, 61, 52–56.
  • 32.   Franklin, R. C., Mitchell, R. J., Driscoll, T. R., & Fragar, L. J. (2001). Agricultural work-related fatalities in Australia, 1989–1992. Journal of Agricultural Safety Health, 7, 213–227.
  • 33.   Arsenic contamination in agricultural soils of Bengal deltaic region of West Bengal and its higher assimilation in monsoon rice. [Journal of Hazardous Material, 2016]
  • 34.   M.A. Ali, et al., Fate of arsenic extracted with groundwater. In Fate of Arsenicin the Environment. M.F. Ahmed, ITN International Training Network: Dhaka (2003).
  • 35.   Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/safewater/arsenic/index.html.
  • 36.   Kroemer KHE, Grandenjen E. Fitting the Task to the Human: A Text Book of Occupational
  • 37.   Debray P, Chattopadhyay S, Maity P, Ghosh C. Peak expiratory flow rate and cardio respiratory fitness of Bengali workers exposed to dust and plant source particulate matters. Indian J Community Med. 2002; 27:171-176.
  • 38.   Gangopadhyay S, Das B, Das T, Ghoshal G. An ergonomic study on posture related discomfort feeling among the pre-adolescent agricultural workers of West Bengal, India. Int J Occup Saf Ergon.2005; 11:315-322.
  • 39.   Kumar S. Theories of musculoskeletal injury causation. Ergonomics. 2001; 44:17-47.
  • 40.   Mcgill SM, Norman RW. Dynamically and statistically determined low back moments during lifting. J Biomech. 1985; 18:877-888.

Data Sharing Statement

There are no additional data available. All raw data and code are available upon request.

Funding

This research received no funding.

Author Contributions

All authors contributed significantly to the work and approve its publication.

Ethics Declaration

This article does not involve any human or animal subjects, and therefore does not require ethics approval.

Acknowledgements

We would like to express our gratitude to the patients, their families, and all those who have contributed to this study.

Conflicts of Interest

No conflicts of interest in this work.


About this article


Cite this article

Anannya Chakraborty. Occupational Hazards vs Modernization of Agriculture:- A Holistic study on The tribal Farm Women of Birbhum, West Bengal. J Agri Busi 2026; 12(1): 106–114.


Licence:

Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)

This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.


Received Accepted Published
September 06, 2024 October 05, 2025 June 20, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21088/ijab.2454.7964.12126.11

Keywords

Occupational HazardsTribal WomenProblemsHealth Issues

Article Level Metrics

Last Updated

Wednesday 17 June 2026, 04:32:16 (IST)


1765

Accesses

2
342
00

Citations


NA
NA
NA

Download citation


Article Keywords


Keyword Highlighting

Highlight selected keywords in the article text.


Timeline


Received September 06, 2024
Accepted October 05, 2025
Published June 20, 2026

licence


Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)

This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.


Access this article



Share