Abstract

Cervical cancer continues to be a significant global health burden, particularly in low and middle-income countries, despite being largely preventable through effective screening and early intervention strategies. Among the various screening modalities, the Papanicolaou (PAP) smear has been pivotal in reducing both the incidence and mortality associated with cervical carcinoma. This article comprehensively reviews the Pap smear’s history, clinical utility, methodologies, and evolving significance in modern gynecological practice. Additionally, it presents a case study involving a 56-year-old woman diagnosed with cervical carcinoma, detected via Pap smear, thus emphasizing the test’s critical role in routine gynecological assessments. The review further explores the integration of newer screening modalities such as HPV DNA testing and liquid-based cytology (LBC), which have augmented the sensitivity and specificity of cervical cancer screening. The article highlights the need for continued public health efforts to enhance awareness, improve access to screening, and incorporate advanced diagnostic techniques for effective cervical cancer control.

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Funding