Abstract

Bionic eyes, or visual prostheses, represent a transformative advancement in restorative medicine for the millions worldwide suffering from blindness. Unlike cosmetic prosthetic eyes, these functional implants use micro-electrodes to stimulate surviving neurons in the retina, optic nerve, or visual cortex, bypassing damaged tissue. Currently, recipients perceive a “flashing mosaic” of light spots known as phosphenes, which requires specialized training to interpret. While existing models such as the Argus II and Bionic Vision Australia devices provide enough functional vision for basic navigation and object localization, they remain limited by low electrode density and a lack of color perception. Future developments focusing on higher-resolution electrode arrays and cortical stimulation (like the Orion system) aim to broaden eligibility to patients with glaucoma or optic nerve trauma, ultimately striving to more closely replicate natural sight.

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