Abstract

Background: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a chronic, progressive, nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that commonly affects aging men. It is one of the leading causes of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) worldwide and significantly influences physical comfort, psychological health, sleep quality, and overall quality of life. Aim: To critically analyze and synthesize current evidence regarding the etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, medical and surgical management, and comprehensive nursing care of BPH. Objectives: 1. To examine hormonal, inflammatory, and metabolic mechanisms contributing to BPH. 2. To describe symptom classification and disease progression. 3. To review contemporary diagnostic tools and investigations. 4. To evaluate pharmacological and surgical interventions. 5. To outline evidence-based nursing management strategies. Materials and Methods: A narrative review was conducted using peer-reviewed journals, urology guidelines, textbooks, and evidence-based online medical resources. Literature was analyzed systematically and synthesized in structured format. References are cited in Vancouver style. Results: BPH is strongly associated with aging, androgenic stimulation via dihydrotestosterone (DHT), chronic inflammation, and metabolic disturbances. Clinical manifestations range from mild urinary hesitancy to severe retention and renal compromise. Diagnosis involves digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), uroflowmetry, imaging, and endoscopic assessment. Management includes alpha-adrenergic blockers, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, minimally invasive therapies, and surgical interventions such as Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP). Nursing care plays a critical role in monitoring urinary function, preventing complications, promoting fluid balance, and providing patient education. Conclusion: BPH is a multifactorial age-related condition requiring individualized, multidisciplinary management. Early identification and comprehensive nursing support significantly improve patient outcomes and reduce complications.

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