Indian Journal of Pathology: Research and Practice

Introduction: Metaplastic carcinoma of breast belongs to a diverse class of neoplasm constituting the rarest histological variant of invasive ductal carcinoma. Adenosquamous carcinoma of breast is a rare tumour which is a variant of metaplastic carcinoma, comprising 0.3% of breast carcinomas. Case Report: Here, we report a case of adenosquamous variant of metaplastic carcinoma of breast in a 61 years old female who presented with a lump in the right breast. Conclusion: The present case highlights that although adenosquamous carcinoma of breast is rare, we should be aware of this possibility and include it in the differential diagnosis whenever appropriate.

Keywords: Metaplastic; Adenosquamous; Carcinoma. 

Introduction: The goal of fine needle aspiration cytology of lymph node is essentially to distinguish benign from malignant lesions. Nonneoplastic disorders that can manifest in lymph nodes include those with specific diagnosis and nonspecific causes , reactive hyperplasia being the most common diagnosis. The role of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is of paramount importance in determining the etiology of lymphadenopathy, so that appropriate management can be instituted. Aims and Objectives: To identify, to categorise and to study incidence of various
nonneoplastic lesion of lymphnodes. Materials and Methods: FNAC’S were done using a 22 guage needle with ten cc syringe for superficial lesions and lumbar puncture needle for deep seated lesions under ultrasound guidance. In this study patients were divided into three groups based on age i.e group 1 (0-20 years), group 2 (21-50 years) and group 3 (>50 years). Observation and Results: Out of 6411 FNAC cases during one and half years study, 1117 cases were enlarged lymphnodes . A major proportion of lymphadenopathies in this study were due to benign conditions 809 cases (72.42%). Malignant cases accounted for 308 cases (27.57%). Among 1117 cases, maximum number of cases were recorded in age group 2:480 cases. (42.97%), group 1: had 334 cases (29.90%) followed by group 3:303 cases (27.12%). Out of 809 nonneoplastic cases the most common cause of lymphadenopathy was found to be reactive lymphadenitis with 517 cases (63.91%), followed by tuberculosis with 241 cases (29.78%), and also seen were BCG lymphadenitis in 4 cases (00.49%). Conclusion: In our study we concluded that different etiological factors play a role in causation of lymphadenopathy. So FNAC provides a reliable, safe, rapid and economical method of screening these patients.

Keywords: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology; Reactive Lymphadenitis; Nonneoplastic Lymphadenopathy. 

H. pylori has emerged as an undisputed cause of chronic active gastritis, however the relationship between H. pylori and non- ulcer dyspepsia is still a matter of controversy. Various tests are available for diagnosis of H. pylori. Research in several directions has brought forward no general consensus about the most suitable method to diagnose H. pylori. Hence this study was done to evaluate the role of touch cytology diagnosis of H. pylori infection in patients of non -ulcer dyspepsia and to compare it with histology and urease test. Material And Methods: Touch smears were made from antralbiopsies obtained from patients (125) undergoing upper GI endoscopy. Rapid urease test was performed. Touch smears were stained with Giemsa stain and histological sections with Haemtoxylin and Eosinstain. The gastric biopsies were classified as per Sydney system. Observations and Results: In this study touch cytology was positive for H pylori in 53 out of 83 cases (62.8%). Organisms were better appreciated on smears than on the biopsies, smears took lesser time to screen and report was available to the patient and the clinician the same day. Urease test was positive in 57.8% cases making it a reliable and rapid test for diagnosis. The percentage positivity ofit is comparable to touch cytology results (62.8%) in our study. Thus touch smear cytology appears to complement histopathology. Conclusions: Touch cytology is a quick and simple sensitive test for diagnosis of H. pylori infection in patients of non- ulcer dyspepsia. It complements histology and urease test. 

Background: Evaluation of lymphadenopathy is of clinical significance as the underlying disease may range from a treatable infectious etiology to malignant neoplasm.Peripheral lymphadenopathy is common in all age groups and management of cases depends on lymph node pathology, which can be evaluated by fine-needle aspiration or excision biopsy. Objectives: The study was undertaken to assess Cytomorphological spectrum of lymph node lesions on FNA with special reference to Acid Fast Bacilli positivity in TuberculousLymphadenitis. Materials and Methods: A 3 years retrospective analysis of the data was carried out on 944 patients of lymphadenopathy in the Department of Pathology, Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya from January 2013 to December 2015. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was done and smears were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, MayGrunwald-Giemsa and Papanicolaou (PAP) stains. Other stains like Ziehl-Neelson (ZN), Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS), etc were done wherever required. Results: The spectrum of various lymph node lesions on cytomorphological findings in this study showed 560 cases (59.32%) of reactive nature, 178 cases (18.85%) were tubercular , 34 cases (3.6%) were of acute lymphadenitis and 8 cases (1%) were of chronic lymphadenitis. AFB positivity was found in 39.8% of tuberculous lymphadenitis patients. The remaining 164 cases (17.37%) were of malignant lymphadenopathy, consisting 15 cases (1.58%) of primary malignancies i.e. lymphomas and 149 cases (15.78%) of metastasis to lymph nodes. On correlation of FNAC findings with histopathology overall sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy as 97.9%, 99.7% and 99.3% respectively. Conclusion: Fine needle aspiration study is an important tool for evaluation and management of various lymphoid disorders. It is a safe, simple, cost effective and reliable technique for establishing the diagnosis. Demonstration of AFB helps to establish the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis.

Keywords: FNAC; Tuberculosis; AFB; Ziehl Neelson Stain. 

Objective: To Study and observe the immunoexpression of HPV 16 in the various types of carcinoma cervix (Ca Cx) diagnosed in the rural tertiary care hospital in Tamilnadu. Materials & Method: The biopsies 243 cases of carcinoma cervix which was diagnosed in the Division of Pathology for the period of 5 years from January 2011 and December 2016were included for the study. A Total of 43 cases were selected for the immunohistochemical staining (AVIDIN-BIOTIN Method) to find the immunoexpression for HPV 16. A positive immunoexpression of 48.8% was observed for HPV 16 out of which 51.3% are Squamous cell carcinoma and 1 case of Carcinosarcoma of cervix. 6 cases of Adenocarcinoma and 1 case of small cell carcinoma was negative for HPV 16 immunoexpression. Conclusion: Regular and periodic screening for all women above 30 years for cervical cancer and Screening of the most common high-risk HPV types should be done. Cervical cancer awareness programs should have regular follow up.

Keywords: Carcinoma Cervix; High Risk Human Papilloma Virus; HPV 16; Immunoexpression. 

Aim: To analyze the expression of VEGF and find the significance of upregulation of VEGF in uterine leiomyomas in different phases of endometrium. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 leiomyoma specimens were selected of which 25 cases showing proliferative phase in endometrium, 25 cases showing secretory phase in endometrium and 10 cases of normal myometrium used as control. Haematoxylin and Eosin slides of all the tissues were evaluated. The formalin fixed, paraffin embedded blocks were sliced in 3-4 µm thickness for IHC. The Avidin Biotin complex (ABC) detection system was used. Immunoreactivity was regarded as positive when brown staining was localized in the cytoplasm of leiomyoma cells. Results: The intensity of immunostaining in leiomyoma and matched myometrium in both phases of menstrual cycle was observed and graded as 0,1+,2+ and 3+. Conclusion: VEGF expression in leiomyoma was abundant relative to the normal myometrium of the same individual uterus and that VEGF protein expression in leiomyoma cells predominated in the secretory phase than the proliferative phase. Therefore, both oestrogen E2 and progesterone P4 seemed to induce the tumour growth. VEGF expression was significantly higher in those with myomas compared to those with a healthy myometrium suggesting that VEGF may play a significant role in pathogenesis of uterine myomas. These suggest that VEGF and other angiogenic factors may represent potential targets for the treatment and prevention of uterine fibroids. 

Keywords: VEGF Protein; Leiomyoma; Immunohistochemistry.

Objective: We conducted three years retrospective study in tertiary care hospital in India catering to both urban as well as rural fraternity to see the various pattern of renal diseases. Methods: The present study comprised of studying all the biopsy (core needle as well as nephrectomy) specimens coming to pathology department, GMC Aurangabad. Results: A total of 72 cases over a period of three years were studied. Data in this study showed that non-neoplastic lesions comprised of 48 cases (66.7%) & neoplastic lesions were 24 cases (33.3%). Chronic pyelonephritis predominated in the non-neoplastic group & in the neoplastic group renal cell carcinoma was the commonest. Conclusion: A wide range of lesions are encountered on histopathology, many of which may be misdiagnosed clinically and radiologically; therefore, it is mandatory that every renal biopsy specimen be subjected to detailed histopathological examination for a clinico-morphological correlation to ensure proper management.

Keywords: Renal Diseases; Chronic Pyelonephritis; Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) 

Introduction: Papillary breast lesions are a group of lesions that are characterized by presence of papillae supported by fibrovascular cores lined by epithelial cells with or without myoepithelial cell layer. Aims: This study was conducted to analyse the clinicopathological characteristics of papillary lesions of the breast. Materials and Methods: A retrospective and prospective analysis of 12 cases of papillary lesions of breast received over a period of 2 years was done. The patient’s clinical details were collected from medical archives and the histopathological findings were reviewed. The lesions were classified into benign, atypical and malignant categories. Results: During the study period, 12 cases of papillary lesions of breast were reviewed. The mean age was 43 years. The central quadrant was the most common location (66.6%). The most common presenting complaint was lump (75% cases), more commonly as solitary lump (83.3%) rather than multifocal disease (16.7%). Benign papillary lesions (58.3%) were more common than the malignant lesions (41.7%). The most common papillary lesion was intraductal papilloma (50% of the cases), followed by invasive micropapillary carcinoma and intracystic papillary carcinoma constituting 25% and 16.7% cases respectively. Conclusion: Diagnosis of papillary lesions is challenging and its classification includes different entities that have specific diagnostic criteria. Due to their heterozygosity in morphology with benign, atypical and malignant subtypes, morphological features such as type of fibrovascular core and continuity of myoepithelial layer along with immunohistochemical stains for myoepithelial cells should be considered for accurate diagnosis and proper management.

Keywords: Fibro Vascular Core; Myoepithelial; Papillary Lesions.

Context: Mast cells are the major effector cells in immediate hypersensitivity through activation via the high affinity IgE receptor and FcxRI. Given the broad array of proinflammatory mediators secreted from FcxRI – activated mast cells and IgE elevation is seen in a majority of atopic and contact dermatitis patients. Mast cells are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of atopic and contact dermatitis. Aims: The present study aimed at evaluating the mast cell count with respect to morphology, distribution and quantity in atopic and contact dermatitis cases. Settings and Design:Retrospective study in an urban tertiary care hospital. Material and methods: The study included a total of 50 skin biopsies and mast cell count was assessed in skin biopsies from patients with atopic and contact dermatitis. The tissues were fixed in 10% formalin, processed by routine paraffin embedding technique. The sections were stained with freshly prepared toluidine blue stain. The toluidine blue stained sections were evaluated for qualitative and quantitative aspects of mast cells. Mast cells were counted per field at 40 X magnification. Statistical Analysis Used: The test results were evaluated by student T test. Results: Mast cells were significantly increased in skin biopsies from patients with atopic and contact dermatitis with mean mast cell count 104.94/10 high power fields. The test results were statistically significant and the p value was (<0.005). Conclusions: This study has revealed the role of mast cells as effector cells in development of atopic and contact dermatitis.

Keywords: Mast Cells; Toluidine Blue; Atopic Dermatitis; Contact Dermatitis. 

Background: Ovarian tumors are the common forms of neoplasms in women. Ovarian cancers has the worst prognosis, because they are asymptomatic in early stages and are often detected at later stages. Aim: To determine the incidence, age wise distribution of ovarian neoplasms and also to classify the ovarian neoplasms based on the histomorphological pattern. Materials and Methods: This study was done in the Department of Pathology, Narayana medical college and Hospital, Nellore, AndhraPradesh, India for a period of two years from January 2016 to December 2017.Total 110 cases of ovarian neoplasms were studied. Results: Out of total 110 cases, 90 cases (81.81%) were benign, 16 cases (14.54%) were malignant and 4 cases (3.63%) were borderline. Ovarian tumors were more common in 31-40 years age group. The most common presenting symptom was abdominal pain (46.5%). Surface epithelial tumors were the commonest, accounting for 80 cases (72.72%). Most of the ovarian tumors were cystic (75.45%). About 94.3% of tumors were unilateral. Conclusion: In our study, most common ovarian tumors are surface epithelial tumors. Benign tumors are common in the young age, whereas malignant tumours are common in the post menopausal age group. As most of the tumors are diagnosed in late stages, early diagnosis of ovarian tumors is necessary, so as to decrease the morbidity and mortality.

Keywords: Benign; Classification; Ovarian Tumor; Prognosis; Surface Epithelial Tumors. 

Background: Liver diseases cause significant morbidity and mortality in both pregnant women and infant. Early diagnosis and timely intervention will help us to achieve reduction in maternal and infant mortality. Aim: To study histopathological changes in liver in cases of maternal deaths and to correlate with biochemical profiles. Material and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 101 cases of maternal deaths received in the year 2016 were studied. The histopathological changes in liver were reviewed and were correlated with liver function test if available. A total of 99 cases were available for study. A Result: Liver disease related to pregnancy was seen in 31% of cases, with pre eclampsia/ eclampsia leading the list. In 3% of cases liver disease developed concurrently with pregnancy, while in single case pregnancy was seen in pre existing liver disease. Incidental findings were seen in 35% of cases, while in 29% of cases no changes were seen. Conclusion: Autopsy helps us to understand the pathogenesis and presentation of liver pathology in maternal deaths. The study helps us to diagnose liver diseases in pregnancy with varied presentation in early stage. This will help in achieving our national goal of reducing maternal and foetal.

Keywords: Pre eclampsia/Eclampsia. 

Background and Aim: Thrombocytopenia (TCP) is a common clinical problem and its etiology varies widely. Automated hematology analyzers have contributed to more accurate, precise, and faster results. Platelet indices including mean platelet volume (MPV) offer valuable information about the morphology and maturity of platelets. But MPV has not been used commonly for diagnosing the cause of TCP. Thus we undertook this study to ascertain the correlation between MPV and the cause of TCP. Methods: 510 cases of thrombocytopenia and 500 cases of Control group with normal platelet count were included in the study. TCP was defined as platelet counts below 1. 5 lacs/cumm. Hematological analysis was done on Mindray BC-3000 plus automated hematology analyzer with blood collected in K2 EDTA blub. All cases were reevaluated by peripheral examination. Only those cases were included in the study which showed platelet count and platelet volume parameters with graph both in cases and control group. Result: Group A with hyperdestruction showed increased value of MPV (10.46 fl) when compared with hypoproduction Group B (8.7 fl) and abnormal pooling Group C (8.15 fl) and with the control group (9.5 fl). All the three groups showed statistically significant difference in comparison to control. There was no significant difference between the mean platelet count between the control group and the three groups. Conclusion: MPV is a sensitive and reliable indicator for diagnosis of thrombocytopenia due to various causes. More attention should be paid to MPV along with other platelet indices to differentiate between hyper destructive TCP from hypo productive and abnormal pooling TCP.

Keywords: Control Group; Mean Platelet Volume; Platelet; Thrombocytopenia 

Background and Aim: Endometrial aspiration cytology is a diagnostic modality for studying cyto-harmonal changes and for evaluating endometrial pathology ranging from inflammatory changes, hyperplasia and endometrial malignancies. Present study was performed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of endometrial aspiration technique and to compare the cyto-morphology of aspirated smears with histopathology. Materials and Method: Present study was carried out at a department of pathology GMERS Medical College, Gotri, Vadodara, Gujarat. Endometrial aspiration was performed using Karman’s cannula in 100 cases who presented with abnormal uterine bleed, infertility and postmenopausal bleed. The endometrial specimens obtained by D & C were processed and evaluated histologically. The endometrial aspirated smears were correlated with histopathology findings for diagnostic accuracy. Results: The study cases included 48 patients in reproductive age group and 52 patients in the perimenopausal and postmenopausal age groups. The diagnostic accuracy on cytology was 90% when compared to histology. The smears were inadequate for reporting in eight cases. The sensitivity of endometrial cytology was 93% and specificity was 85.7%. Conclusion: Endometrial aspiration technique with Karman’s cannula is convenient, simple, safe and less invasive procedure. The endometrial aspiration cytology proved to be effective diagnostic modality in the interpretation of normal and abnormal endometrium. The present study emphasizes the need for early screening to diagnose pre-invasive lesions and endometrial malignancies in peri-menopausal and postmenopausal patients.

Keywords: Cytology; Endometrial Aspiration; Histopathology; Malignancies. 

Background: Introduction of Guided fine needle aspiration allowed accurate positioning of the needle when lesion were small or deep. Aim: The present study was undertaken to know the pathological spectrum of hepatic mass lesions and to correlate the cytoradiological findings. Methods and Materials: This study was performed on admitted and OPD patients of SNMC, Bagalkot over a period of six months. Image guided fine needle aspiration cytology was carried out and aspirates were examined, and compared with radiological diagnoses. Results: The present study included 51 cases of hepatic lesion masses. Presenting age ranged from 23 to 84 years with most common predisposition in the seventh decade of life. Males were more commonly affected than females. Metastatic tumours were more common than hepatocellular carcinoma. The most common metastatic hepatic lesion was Adenocarcinoma followed by squamous cell carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma and lymphoma. Multiple SOL was more common radiologically for both primary malignancy and metastatic lesions. Cytoradiological correlation was found to be 95.91%. Conclusion: The study concludes that fine needle aspiration cytology of the hepatic lesion is an effective and safe method for a quick, early and accurate diagnosis without any serious complications related to the procedure.

Keywords: Guided FNAC; Liver; HCC; Metastasis.

Background: Ovarian cancer accounts for 3% of all cancers in females. Ovarian Tumours are most common tumours of female genital tract. Ovarian cancer is leading cause of deaths among gynaecological cancers. The aim of the study was to find the incidence of surface ovarian tumor at the Department of Pathology, S Nijalingappa Medical College, Bagalkot. Materials and Methods: This prospective study comprised of 82 primary ovarian tumours diagnosed in the department of pathology at S N Medical College, Bagalkot during the time period of 1st January 2016 to 30th June 2017. Records were retrieved from the departmental registers and were analyzed. Results: Total 82 cases were studied in this duration of study period. Out of 82 cases majority were benign tumours (81.75), followed by malignant tumours (15.9%) and borderline tumours (2.4%) were found. Conclusion: Most of the ovarian tumours in this study were surface epithelial tumours followed by germ cell tumours. Clinical features are variable. Histopathological examination is needed for proper diagnosis, treatment and for prognosis of the disease.

Keywords: Ovary; Benign; Malignant; Surface Epithelial Tumor. 

Introduction: A lot of diversity is present in a vast country like India in relation to race, religion and creed. Similar to it the geographical distribution of ABO and Rhesus blood groups varies across the country. This study was done to examine the distribution of blood groups among voluntary blood donors in a rural hospital in central India. Methods: A retrospective study was performed over 5 years (from January 2012 to December 2016) at Blood Bank of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Distt. Wardha, Maharashtra, India to determine and compare the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups. The ABO and Rhesus (D) blood grouping was done by tube method using venous blood samples. Results: The predominant donors belonged to age group between 26-35 years (50.69%). Male donors were more than female donors (98.78%). The commonest ABO blood group was O (34.46%) followed by B (32.50 %), A (24.98 %) and AB (8.05%) respectively. The prevalence of Rhesus positive and negative distribution in the studied population was 96.76% and 3.23% respectively. Conclusion: The commonest ABO blood group in our study was O followed by B, A, and AB respectively. The knowledge of the distribution of blood group in a particular geographical area is very important for blood banks. Transfusion services play an important role in the patient’s health care.

Keywords: ABO Rhesus (D) Blood Groups; Blood Donors; Blood Bank. 

Background: Cytological examination of various body fluids like ascitic, pleural, synovial, CSF, urine etc, plays an important role in diagnosing various non- neoplastic and neoplastic conditions. Hence, this study is conducted to evaluate the utility of this simple procedure and to understand the newer techniques that can be applied in further confirming our diagnosis. Materials and Methods: It is a retrospective study conducted on all the body fluids which came for cytological analysis. The fluids were centrifuged, the supernatant was discarded and the sediment was used to make three smears which were stained with Papanicolaou, Hematoxylin and Eosin stains (H&E) and with leishman stain. All the smears were then thoroughly examined. Results: The most common sample received was pleural fluid (55%) with ascitic fluid being the second most common. Chronic inflammation was the most common pathology noted in both the pleural as well as the ascitic fluid. A total of 8 cases showed metastatic deposits which were from adenocarcinoma. The cells showed typical features of malignancy. Conclusion: Cytological analysis of body fluids helps us in differentiating nonneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Further typing of the neoplastic lesions can be done using special stains and immunohistochemical stains

Keywords: Body Fluids; Cytology; Mesothelial Cells; Neoplastic Cells. 

Background: Parasitic infestation remains a leading serious health problem with worldwide distribution especially in developing like India with wide range of morbidities. The fact that cysticercosis infestation caused by Taeniasolium remains a major health hazard with variable clinical manifestation. However, presentation of Cysticercosis infestation as lymphadenopathy with subcutaneous manifestation is a rare entity as observed in our present study which often mis-interpretated formesenchymal soft tissue tumour. The effective pick up of the infestation on routine cytology screening showers limelight on the diagnostic modalities. Materials and Methods: All patients with lymphadenopathy and subcutaneous masses with various clinical differentials were subjected for routine Fine needle aspiration Cytology procedure with standard cytological stains. All relevant clinical information including socio economic status and procedural data were documented with ethical clearance. Demonstration of parasitic infestations and its association was based on personal knowledge on previously published articles on the disease. Results: Among 153 cases examined, 15 cases demonstrated features of Cysticercosis infestation, 5 of which showed classical larval stages of proglottids on cytology smears. 4 cases demonstrated cellulose acetate material and 2 cases with cystic fragments in reactive lymphoid background which was confirmed on subsequent histopathology. Rest 4 cases shows fragmented parasites. All the cases were started on prompt appropriate treatment and well recovered. Conclusion: Cysticercosis infestation should be included in priority as one of the differential diagnosis by Pathologists in patients presenting with lymphadenopathy & painless subcutaneous masses especially in endemic tropical regions. The study emphasizes the judicious and early diagnostic utility of cytology in detection of Cysticercosis infestation in initiating prompt treatment.

Keywords: Cysticercosis; FNAC; Histopathology; Subcutaneous Swelling; Lymphadenitis. 

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection rates higher in India when compared with world population. Nearly 3 million people have been affected with HIV in the world. The screening for HIV and other transfusion transmitted infections among blood donors before transfusion is much important in preventing risk of infections among patients and extending their life. HIV-2 cases also been reported even in blood donor population in some parts of India. This study was carried out to observe the HIV-1 and HIV-2 prevalence among voluntary blood donors from in and around koodapakkam, puducherry, India. Methods: A total of 790 voluntary blood donors sample were collected over the period of 3 years from (August 2014 to July 2017). All the voluntary blood donors (790) blood was screened for both HIV-1 and HIV -2 using card test and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test. Results: Out of 790 voluntary blood donors, only one donor (0.126%) was found to be HIV-1 positive using card test. And again using ELISA kit same donor was found to be positive for HIV -1. There is no prevalence of HIV-2 among voluntary blood donors in and around koodapakkam, puducherry,India. Conclusions: The prevalence of HIV was 0.125 per cent among the voluntary blood donors from koodapakkam area. No HIV-2 case was found among the studied blood donor population. This study concludes that the HIV threat is meagre in this area among the voluntary blood donors.

Keywords: Voluntary Blood Donor Screening; HIV-1-HIV-2- Koodapakkam; Seroprevalence.  

Background: Non neoplastic skin lesions form the majority of morbidity from skin diseases, however majority of them are often diagnosed as non specific dermatitis. The objective of this study was to analyse and classify non neoplastic skin lesions based on histopathological pattern and to study the relative frequency of various lesions along with age and sex distribution. Materials and methods: This was a prospective study comprising of 142 cases; from March 2016 to February 2017, done at BGS Global Institute of Medical Sciences. Routine staining with H&E and special stains and Immunofluorescence, wherever needed, were performed. Microscopic findings were studied by two pathologists independently. Results: A total of 142 cases were studied of which papulosquamous disorders (38 %) were the most common lesions followed by dermatitis (27%) and pigment disorders (14%). Conclusion:The high frequency of non specific dermatitis as a final diagnosis may reflect the common reaction pattern of many skin lesions; however detailed evaluation of skin lesions and a pattern based classification, can reduce the frequency of nonspecific diagnosis.

Keywords: Skin Lesions; Non Neoplastic; Histopathology. 

Not provided.