Abstract

Aging is an inevitable biological process characterized by progressive physiological decline and increased susceptibility to diseases. With rising life expectancy and aging populations, understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of aging, and identifying strategies to delay or reverse its effects have become vital. This review provides a deep analysis of aging, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of senescence, the role of geroprotective agents including synthetic drugs, natural compounds, and polysaccharides, and the therapeutic potential of stem cells. Certain key signaling pathways such as AMPK, sirtuins, PI3K/Akt, mTOR, and NAD+ metabolism, along with compounds like metformin, rapamycin, curcumin, resveratrol, and polysaccharides. This review evaluates the potency of stem cell therapies in rejuvenation and highlighting future directions in anti-aging research.

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