Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry

Background: A number of pathophysiological conditions, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and inflammatory joint disorders, are characterized by the presence of systemic inflammation. Although previous research has produced a wealth of literature regarding the mild inflammation in patients with Grade 2 Knee Osteoarthritis (G2KOA), there is insufficient explanation for the change in nitric oxide levels along with markers of systemic inflammation and lipid peroxidation. Aim: Thus, the objective of this study was to measure the levels of C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Malondialdehyde (MDA), and Nitric Oxide (NO) in G2KOA subjects and to establish their relationship to the likelihood of future cardiovascular disorders. Methodology: In this study, 30 patients of either gender suffering from G2KOA (aged 35 to 50) and 30 healthy normal individuals (as controls) were taken. The above mentioned parameters were measured using standardized techniques and were compared for patients and controls using the Student’s t-test and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Result: Apart from the pain, the MDA in erythrocytes and CRP levels in plasma of G2KOA patients were significantly high (P<0.001 & P<0.05) and the levels of plasma NO were significantly low (P<0.001) and were inversely correlated with the levels of MDA and CRP. Conclusion: Based on the findings it can be said that the combined effect of oxidative stress and inflammation leading to the endothelial dysfunction plays an important role in increasing the future cardiovascular complications risk in G2KOA characterized by increased CRP and MDA and decreased nitric oxide. As a matter of routine examination in G2KOA patients, these markers need to be tested for early detection and prevention of cardiac disorders.

Medication management represents one of the most critical and complex domains of nursing practice. As health systems become increasingly reliant on high-alert medications, complex technology, and interdisciplinary coordination, the role of the nurse in the medication administration process (MAP) has evolved from a simple duty of delivery to a highly skilled exercise in safety, clinical judgment, and regulatory compliance. This review examines the multifaceted nature of medication management, the integration of health information technology (HIT), the cognitive load inherent in clinical nursing, and the systemic barriers to error prevention. By synthesizing current literature, this paper explores the transition from individual vigilance models to systems-based resilient practices.

Acanthosis Nigricans (AN), on the other hand, is known to be a benign dermatosis, which has hyperpigmented and velvet-like lesions of skin folds. However, taking AN into consideration from an aesthetic point of view may lead one to overlook essential aspects and vulnerabilities. The current paper reinterprets AN as a profound aesthetic sentinel a “cutaneous window” through which a patient’s underlying asymptomatic abnormalities can be seen. Based on the common pathophysiologic principles, the article gives insight into the mechanisms of benign and malignant AN occurrence. The main feature in benign AN is hyperinsulinemia, where excess insulin in the blood cross-reacts with insulinlike growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptors on keratinocytes and fibroblasts, resulting in cell proliferation. Such a phenomenon acts as an early indicator of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and many endocrinopathies. On the contrary, malignant AN, typically occurring suddenly and intensely, is caused by growth factors secreted by tumours (for example, TGF-alpha). In addition, different familial forms demonstrate links to particular genetic mutations. By distinguishing such presentations, it is possible to determine whether AN is caused by metabolic disorders or paraneoplastic phenomena. Finally, this review underlines the key role played by primary care providers and dermatologists in the process of deciphering these skin manifestations. Instead of viewing AN simply as a dermatological condition, it should be used as a diagnostic opportunity for systematic screening of the whole body. Early identification of the causative agent of AN leads to prompt treatment and helps turn the patient’s fate towards the positive direction.

In the modern healthcare environment, nursing practice serves as the primary safeguard against deleterious patient outcomes. Adverse events—ranging from medication errors and healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) to falls and pressure injuries—represent a significant burden on patient morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditures. This review examines the nexus between nursing care quality, structural organizational factors, and patient safety. By synthesizing current literature on nurse staffing patterns, the implementation of evidencebased practice (EBP), and the role of interprofessional communication, this paper explores how nursing interventions can be optimized to prevent adverse events and improve clinical outcomes. The review concludes that systemic support, including adequate staffing levels and the integration of technology, is essential for mitigating risks and fostering a culture of safety.

Chronological age is an imperfect tool for assessing healthspan and risk for diseases. As a result, biological markers of age become important components of personalized medicine. One of such markers, the plasma glycome, and especially Immunoglobulin G (IgG) $N$-glycosylation, is gaining attention due to its dynamic nature and involvement of genetics, environment, and lifestyle. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the role of glycomic biological age markers (“Glycan Age”) in health and disease. Aging causes the progressive reduction in the levels of IgG galactosylation and sialylation with changes in fucosylation and bisection. Moreover, these structural changes do not only reflect the physiological decline, but also impact immune cell activity by changing the affinity for activating and inhibitory $Fc\gamma$ receptors and cause the shift from anti-inflammatory towards pro-inflammatory status resulting in sterile systemic low-level inflammation, called “inflammaging.” As a marker clinically, premature glycan aging becomes a strong predictor of disease outcomes in various disease categories. Glycan aging tends to occur several years prior to the onset of clinical symptoms in autoimmunity, heart diseases, metabolic syndromes, neurodegenerative conditions, and cancers, and works as an independent predictor of overall mortality. Importantly, glycan aging is a very manipulable clock; changes in endocrine status (perimenopause), lifestyle modifications, and therapies of longevity have been shown to effectively reverse this biological clock. Finally, it would be necessary to overcome the technical issues related to standardization and integrate glycomics into multi-omics clocks using machine learning approaches.