This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.
Singh A, Varma P, Singh A, et al. Applications of Microbial Enzymes: The Need of an Hour. Indian J Genet Mol Res. 2023;12(2):61-74.
Timeline
Received : May 11, 2023
Accepted : June 30, 2023
Published : December 10, 2023
Abstract
A growing need for sustainable solutions is one of the primary drivers of the demand for industrial enzymes. One of the most significant and beneficial sources of many enzymes has been and still is the microbial world. Numerous industrial procedures, such as chemical synthesis used to create chemicals and pharmaceuticals, have a number of drawbacks: Lack of enantiomeric specificity for chiral synthesis, low pH, high pressure, high temperature, and low catalytic efficiency. Enzyme research and interest are still advancing, which helps industrial biocatalysis succeed even more. There should be a lot of intriguing discoveries in the field of biotransformation over the coming years. The value of biotechnologically and industrially significant microbial enzymes is the main topic of this study, which comprises 44 papers, including research studies and review articles. Also, it offers novel insights into the micro-organisms that manufacture these enzymes as well as the procedures employed for their purification and separation.
References
1. Maude BW. Fibrinogenolytic and fibrinolytic activity in oral microorganisms. J Clin Microbiol. 1983 May;17(5):759-67.
2. Ogino H, Yasui K, Shiotani T, Ishihara T, Ishikawa H. Organic solvent-tolerant bacterium which secretes an organic solvent-stable proteolytic enzyme. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995 Dec;61(12):4258-62.
3. Patel RN. Microbial/enzymatic synthesis of chiral pharmaceutical intermediates. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel. 2003 Nov;6(6):902-20.
4. Ogawa N, Miyashita K, Chakrabarty AM. Microbial genes and enzymes in the degradation of chlorinated compounds. Chem Rec. 2003;3(3):158-71. doi:10.1002/tcr.10059.
5. Kumar D, Bhalla TC. Microbial proteases in peptide synthesis: approaches and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2005 Dec;68(6):726-36. doi:10.1007/s00253-005-0094-7.
6. Zofia S, Olempska-Beer RI, Merker MD, Ditto MJ, DiNovi M J. Food-processing enzymes from recombinant microorganisms--a review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2006 Jul;45(2):144-58.
8. De Souza PM, Magalhães Pde O. Application of microbial $\alpha$-amylase in industry - A review. Braz J Microbiol. 2010 Oct;41(4):850-61. doi:10.1590/S1517-83822010000400004.
9. Sariaslani FS. Microbial enzymes for oxidation of organic molecules. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 1989;9(3):171-257. doi:10.3109/07388558909036736.
10. Sizer IW. Medical applications of microbial enzymes. Adv Appl Microbiol. 1972;15:1-11.
12. Helmerhorst EJ, Zamakhchari M, Schuppan D, Oppenheim FG. Discovery of a novel and rich source of gluten-degrading microbial enzymes in the oral cavity. PLoS One. 2010 Oct 11;5(10):e13264. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013264.
13. Flint HJ, Karen P, Duncan SH, Louis P, Forano E. Microbial degradation of complex carbohydrates in the gut. Gut Microbes. 2012 Jul-Aug;3(4):289-306.
14. Wang W, Shao Z. Enzymes and genes involved in aerobic alkane degradation. Front Microbiol. 2013 May 28;4:116. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00116.
15. Austin RN, Callahan BP. Microbial enzymes that oxidize hydrocarbons. Front Microbiol. 2013 Jan 28;4:38. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2013.0038.
16. Tiwari P, Misra BN, Sangwa NS. $\beta$-Glucosidases from the fungus Trichoderma: an efficient cellulase machinery in biotechnological applications. BioMed Res Int. 2013;2013:203735. doi:10.1155/2013/203735.
17. Nigam Singh P. Microbial enzymes with special characteristics for biotechnological applications. Biomolecules. 2013 Aug 23;3(3):597-611. doi:10.3390/biom3030597.
18. Kotb E. Activity assessment of microbial fibrinolytic enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2013 Aug;97(15):6647-65. doi:10.1007/s00253-013-5052-1.
19. Hassan MA, Haroun MB, Amara AA, Serour EA. Production and characterization of keratinolytic protease from new wool-degrading Bacillus species isolated from Egyptian ecosystem. BioMed Res Int. 2013;2013:175012. doi:10.1155/2013/175012.
21. Awad GEA, Abd El Aty AA, Shehata AN, Hassan SE, Helmy WA. Covalent immobilization of microbial naringinase using novel thermally stable biopolymer for hydrolysis of naringin. 3 Biotech. 2016 Jan;6(1):14. doi:10.1007/s13205-015-0338-x.
22. Garg G, Singh A, Kaur A, Singh R, Kaur J, Mahajan R. Microbial pectinases: an ecofriendly tool of nature for industries. 3 Biotech. 2016 Mar;6(1):47. doi:10.1007/s13205-016-0371-4.
23. Yilmaz B, Baltaci MO, Sisecioglu M, Adiguzel A. Thermotolerant alkaline protease enzyme from Bacillus licheniformis A10: purification, characterization, effects of surfactants and organic solvents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2016 Nov;31(6):1241-7. doi:10.3109/14756366.2015.1118687.
24. Raddadi N, Cherif A, Daffonchio D, Neifar M, Fava F. Biotechnological applications of extremophiles, extremozymes and extremolytes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2015 Nov;99(22):9913-30. doi:10.1007/s00253-015-6874-9.
25. Gajendiran A, Krishnamoorthy S, Abraham J. Microbial degradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) by Aspergillus clavatus strain JASK1 isolated from landfill soil. 3 Biotech. 2016 Mar;6(1):52. doi:10.1007/s13205-016-0394-x.
27. Girvan HM, Munro WA. Applications of microbial cytochrome P450 enzymes in biotechnology and synthetic biology. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2016 Apr;31:136-45.
28. Stressler T, Kuhn A, Fischer L. Detection, production, and application of microbial arylsulfatases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016 Nov;100(21):9053-67. doi:10.1007/s00253-016-7838-4.
30. Jamil S, Tianhui W, Mingshan J. Bacillus species as a versatile weapons for plant pathogens: a review. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2017 Mar;31(3):446-59.
31. Sahay H, Yadav AN, Singh AK, Singh S, Sahu PK, Sharma R, et al. Hot springs of Indian Himalayas: potential sources of microbial diversity and thermostable hydrolytic enzymes. 3 Biotech. 2017 Aug;7(1):118. doi:10.1007/s13205-017-0762-1.
33. Abhishek V, Nupur S, Amit S. Microbial xylanases and their industrial application in pulp and paper biobleaching: a review. 3 Biotech. 2017 Mar;7(1):43.
34. Chrast L, Erian S, Gloge K, Groher D. Gram-scale production of recombinant microbial enzymes in shake flasks. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2017 Jun;364(12):fnx119.
35. Da Silva RR, Giese G, Basso RC, Sutili F J. Bacterial and fungal proteolytic enzymes: production, catalysis and potential applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2017 May;182(2):397-412.
36. Yildirim V, Yilmaz B, Sisecioglu M. Bacterial enzymes and antibiotic resistance. Acta Naturae. 2018;10(1):101-14.
37. Razzaq A, Saeed Z, Aftab S, Faheem M. [Article title]. [Journal name]. [Year].
38. Kumar SS, Abdulhameed S. Fibrinolytic enzymes for thrombolytic therapy. In: [Book title/Journal name]. New York (NY): Humana Press; 2019. p. 1148.
39. Okpara M. Microbial enzymes and their applications in food industry: a mini-review. Adv Enzyme Res. 2022 Mar;10(1):23-47. doi:10.4236/aer.2022.101002.
Data Sharing Statement
There are no additional data available. All raw data and code are available upon request.
Funding
This research received no funding.
Author Contributions
All authors contributed significantly to the work and approve its publication.
Ethics Declaration
This article does not involve any human or animal subjects, and therefore does not require ethics approval.
Acknowledgements
Information not provided.
Conflicts of Interest
No conflicts of interest in this work.
About this article
Cite this article
Singh A, Varma P, Singh A, et al. Applications of Microbial Enzymes: The Need of an Hour. Indian J Genet Mol Res. 2023;12(2):61-74.
This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.
This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.