Abstract

Extra intestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is a leading cause of invasive infections. These include entities like bacteremia, respiratory tract infections, meningitis and sepsis among others. Invasive ExPEC infection complicates the clinical treatment of other conditions. It is also associated with increased mortality, duration of hospital stay, and worse clinical outcomes. Older adults having comorbidities are at highest risk of acquiring these infections. ExPEC is of particular interest in the Asia-Pacific region, due to aging populations and increasing antimicrobial resistance.

• 1.   Sisodia J, Bajaj T. Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis. [Updated 2023 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542329/.
• 2.   Oguma T, Taniguchi M, Shimoda T, Kamei K, Matsuse H, Hebisawa A, et al. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in Japan: a nationwide survey. Allergol Int. (2018) 67:79–84. doi: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.04.011.
• 3.   Ortega VE, Izquierdo M. Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA). https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonarydisorders/asthma-and-related-disorders/allergic-bronchopulmonary-aspergillosisabpa?ruleredirectid=743. Last accessed 09/10/24.
• 4.   Gago S, Denning DW, Bowyer P. Pathophysiological aspects of Aspergillus colonization in disease. Med Mycol. 2019 Apr 01;57(Supplement_2):S219-S227.
• 5.   Akuthota P. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-anddiagnosis-of-allergic-bronchopulmonary-aspergillosis. Last accessed 09/10/24.
• 6.   https://www.thoracic.org/patients/patientresources/resources/allergic-bronchopulmaspergillosis.pdf. last accessed 09/10/24.
• 7.   Agarwal R, Sehgal IS, Muthu V, Dhar R, ArmstrongJames D. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in India. Clin Exp Allergy 2023;53(7):751-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.14319
• 8.   Agarwal R, Sehgal IS, Dhooria S, Muthu V, Prasad KT, Bal A, Aggarwal AN, Chakrabarti A. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Indian J Med Res. 2020 Jun;151(6):529-549. doi: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1187_19. PMID: 32719226; PMCID: PMC7602921.
• 9.   Agarwal R, Muthu V, Sehgal IS, et al. Prevalence of Aspergillus sensitisation and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in adults with bronchial asthma: a systematic review of global data. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2023; 11: 1734-1751. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2023.04.009
• 10.   Muthu V, Sehgal IS, Prasad KT, et al. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis(ABPA) sans asthma: a distinct subset of ABPA with a lesser risk of exacerbation. Med Mycol 2020; 58:260-263. doi:10.1093/mmy/myz051
• 11.   Lotvall J, Akdis CA, Bacharier LB, et al. Asthma endotypes: a new approach to classification of disease entities within asthma syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127: 355-360. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.037
• 12.   Boaventura R, Sibila O, Agusti A, et al. Treatable traits in bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J 2018; 52: 1801269. Doi:10.1183/13993993.01269-2018
• 13.   Agarwal R, Maskey D, Agarwal AN, et al. Diagnostic performance of various tests and criteria employed in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: a latent class analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8: e61105
• 14.   Saxena P, Choudhary H, Muthu V, et al. Which are the optimal criteria for the diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis? A latent class analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2021; 9: 328-335 doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.08.043
• 15.   Agarwal R, Muthu V, Sehgal IS, et al. Prevalence of Aspergillus sensitisation and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in adults with bronchial asthma: a systematic review of global data. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2023: 11:1734-1751. Doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2023.04.009
• 16.   Agarwal R, Khan A, Gupta D, et al. An alternate method of classifying allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis based on high-attenuation mucus. PLoS One 2010; 5: e15346. Doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0015346
• 17.   Saxena P, Choudhary H, Muthu V, et al. Which are the optimal criteria for the diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis? A latent class analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2021; 9: 328-335 doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.08.043
• 18.   Agarwal R, Sehgal IS, Muthu V et al. European respiratory journal 2024 63:2400061; doi:10.1183/13993003.00061-2024
• 19.   Agarwal R, Dhooria S, Sehgal Is, et al. A randomised controlled trial of voriconazole and prednisolone monotherapy in acute-stage allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis complicating asthma. Eur Respir J 2018; 52: 1801159. doi:10.1183/13993003.01159-2018
• 20.   Garg VK, Tickoo V, Prasad VP, et al. Iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome in a case of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis treated with oral itraconazole and inhaled budesonide. BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16: e256788. doi:10.1136/bcr-2023-256788
• 21.   Sehgal IS, Agarwal R. Pulse methylprednisolone in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis exacerbations. Eur Respir Rev 2014; 23: 149-152. doi:10.1183/09059180.00004813

Data Sharing Statement

Funding