Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics

GLP-1 is a natural hormone that helps control blood sugar and hunger. It is released when you eat and helps the body release insulin, slows down how fast food leaves the stomach, and stops the body from making too much glucagon. These actions all help keep blood sugar levels lower. Some medicines called GLP-1 receptor agonists act like this hormone to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity by helping control blood sugar and helping people lose weight. The enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV can break down and stop GLP-1 from working before it leaves the gut. This shows that GLP-1 may also affect the body through nerves found in the gut and the liver, which have GLP-1 receptors. GLP-1 and its receptors are being tested to help manage type 2 diabetes. Lower levels of GLP-1 may be linked to obesity, while too much GLP-1 can cause low blood sugar after eating. This study looked at how these new diabetes medicines work in the Indian context by reviewing case studies. The results are promising and offer new hope for diabetes treatment.

Background: Post-partum haemorrhage (PPH) remains the leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide, yet the pathophysiological processes that transform normal Post-partum bleeding into a lifethreatening coagulopathic state are incompletely understood. This review integrates biochemical and biophysical perspectives on PPHrelated mortality, focusing on molecular coagulopathy, uterine biomechanics, and hemodynamic collapse. Methods: We conducted a narrative synthesis of peerreviewed literature from PubMed, Scopus, and WHO databases (2015–2025), emphasizing mechanistic studies, clinical trials, and global burden data. Key outcomes included prevalence of PPH, coagulopathy biomarkers, hemodynamic parameters, and mortality reduction strategies. Results: Globally, PPH affects 9.97% of deliveries (95% CI: 6.90–13.04%), with severe PPH in 4.52% (95% CI: 2.47–6.57%). Biochemically, acute obstetric coagulopathy (AOC) is driven by dysregulated plasmin generation causing hyperfibrinolysis, leading to fibrinogen and factor V cleavage. Biophysical mechanisms center on uterine atony responsible for 70–80% of PPH where failure of myometrial contraction prevents mechanical compression of spiral arteries. Hemodynamic derangements include a 36fold increase in Ddimer and rapid depletion of factor XIII. Tranexamic acid, administered within three hours, reduces bleedingrelated mortality by onethird. Conclusions: PPH mortality is a consequence of interacting biochemical coagulopathy and biophysical uterine failure. Early detection using objective blood loss measurement and prompt implementation of the MOTIVE bundle (massage, oxytocin, tranexamic acid, intravenous fluids, vaginal examination, escalation) are critical. Future research should focus on pointofcare viscoelastic testing and genotypeguided prophylaxis.

There is a growing concern that latent exposure to carcinogens in the home kitchen may lead to an increase in cancer risk. In the Indian context, the interaction of traditional and modern cooking methods adds complexity to the issue. While there are many ways to prepare food, this paper reviews only certain cooking methods such as deep frying, grilling, roasting, and the repeated use of cooking oils, and points out that during those methods of preparation, harmful molecules or compounds i.e., nitrosamines (NOC) /polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and numerous other forms of carcinogens are produced. In addition, other risk factors such as using biomass fuels for cooking, cooking in poorly ventilated homes, and the increasing dependency on processed, high-temperature food products compound household exposure to carcinogens. Over time, these factors may contribute to the cumulative carcinogenic burden of the person/citizen and the prevalence of diet-related cancers. The second aim of the article is to examine the possible protective role of millets in the diet in relation to the risk factors previously described. Millets such as ragi, bajra, jowar, and other varieties of millet contain excessive amounts of dietary fibre, polyphenols, and antioxidants, as well as essential nutrients that have the potential to provide protection against cancer via their anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and detoxification properties. Thus, consuming millets may facilitate reducing oxidative stress and lessening the impacts of food-related carcinogens. The review indicates the need for additional awareness and dietary diversity, as well as public health efforts, to reduce the hidden carcinogenic exposures in Indian homes.

Osteoporosis, characterized by systemic impairment of bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration, represents a profound failure in the dynamic equilibrium of bone remodeling. This review synthesizes contemporary insights from biophysics and biochemistry to deconstruct the pathogenesis of osteoporosis into a hierarchical failure of molecular and cellular systems¹. We begin at the nanoscale, examining the altered compositional biochemistry of the bone matrix collagen cross-linking, non-collagenous protein signaling, and mineral crystal properties that fundamentally compromises material resilience.² We then ascend to the cellular scale, detailing the biochemical signaling cascades (RANKL/RANK/OPG, Wnt/β- catenin, sclerostin) that govern osteoclast and osteoblast activity, framing their dysregulation as a breakdown in communication networks³. Integrating these with biophysical principles, we explore how mechanosensing via osteocytic lacunocanalicular networks and integrin-mediated focal adhesions translates physical force into biochemical anabolic signals, and how this transduction is blunted in aging and disuse.4 The review emphasizes the concept of bone as a composite material, where osteoporosis-induced changes in mineral-to-collagen ratio, carbonate substitution, and collagen integrity degrade its inherent fracture resistance, quantified by parameters such as elastic modulus, toughness, and fatigue life.5 Finally, we discuss emerging diagnostic technologies leveraging these principles (e.g., Raman spectroscopy, nanoindentation) and novel therapeutic strategies targeting specific biochemical pathways (anti-sclerostin, cathepsin K inhibitors) and biophysical interventions (vibration therapy, electromagnetic field stimulation).6 This integrative perspective posits osteoporosis not merely as a quantitative loss of bone, but as a qualitative disintegration of a sophisticated biomaterial, guiding future research towards multi-scale, mechanism-based interventions.

The past five years have witnessed transformative advances in condensed matter physics, driven by the convergence of topological band theory, moiré engineering, and strong electronic correlations. This review synthesizes recent developments in twisted multilayer systems, topological quantum materials, and strongly correlated electron systems, with emphasis on magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene, transition metal dichalcogenide moirés, kagome metals, and quantum spin liquid candidates. We examine how quantum geometry and Berry curvature have emerged as fundamental design parameters for exotic phases, including unconventional superconductivity, correlated insulators, and fractional quantum Hall states. The interplay of flat bands, strong interactions, and topological protection creates unprecedented opportunities for realizing and controlling emergent quasiparticles relevant to quantum information science. We discuss key experimental techniques angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, quantum transport, and ultrafast optical probes that have enabled these discoveries. Outstanding challenges include elucidating pairing mechanisms in moiré superconductors, achieving definitive signatures of quantum spin liquids, and developing scalable fabrication protocols. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current landscape and identifies promising directions for fundamental research and technological applications.