Indian Journal of Anatomy

Introduction: Thyroid surgery is currently considered an important pillar in the treatment of certain pathologies. In Senegal, the persistence of goiter after medical treatment justifies multiple thyroidectomies with their cohort of significant risks of vital or functional complications. In this context we undertook this work in order to study the anatomical variations in the number of parathyroid glands as well as the relationships of the inferior thyroid artery (ITA) with the recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLN). Taking these variations into account is important during thyroid surgery in our population. Material and Method: this was a descriptive cross-sectional anatomical study by dissection of 43 thyroids taken from adult anatomical subjects of both sexes without visible scars or lesions on the anterior face of the neck. The number of parathyroid glands, the ratios between NLR and ATI, and certain correlations were studied and statistically analyzed. Results: The left NLR was predominantly retrovascular compared to the ipsilateral ATI in 70% of cases, then prevascular, and finally in 26% of cases, and transvascular for the remainder. On the right, it followed the same slope as on the left, with a retrovascular majority of 50% of cases. All the parathyroid glands found were posterior; the majority of specimens (72%) had 4, followed by 20% with 2, and 6% with 1. Conclusion: The dissection of the thyroid allowed us to highlight the diversity of the relationships between the recurrent laryngeal nerves and the ATI, but also that of the number of parathyroid glands. Taking these anatomical variations into account will help to avoid certain post-thyroidectomy omplications.

Summary: The objective of this study is to describe the variations in liver shape and the characteristics of the main liver sulci in adult Senegalese subjects. Material and method: We collected 51 livers from adult Senegalese subjects of both sexes. For each specimen, we identified the shape and sulci on the different surfaces. This allowed us to determine whether the right and left ventro-dorsal sulci were complete or incomplete, and to look for the presence of a hepatic bridge in cases of incomplete sulci on the visceral surface. Results: We observed a predominance of the ovoid shape of the liver (57% of cases), diaphragmatic grooves which were rare but present (9.3% of cases) and a ventrodorsal groove mostly complete on the left (63% of cases) than on the right (13.2% of cases). However, the incomplete segments of the right and left ventro-dorsal sulci were filled by a bridge of hepatic tissue which constituted the paracave portion of the caudate lobe on the right in 93.79% of cases. On the left, the absence of the umbilical ligament in 9.8% of cases resulted in complete fusion of the quadrate lobe with the left lobe. The presence of accessory grooves on the visceral surface was noted in 69% of cases, as well as an accessory lobe located between the venous ligament and the umbilical ligament. Conclusion: This work has highlighted numerous morphological variations of the liver in people of African descent in Senegal. Knowledge of these variations is essential for the surgical management of particularly malignant liver diseases.

Introduction: An estimated 20 million new cancer cases were reported in 2025. The WHO predicts over 35 million new cancer cases by 2050, a 77% increase from 22 million cases in 2025. Chemotherapy has revolutionized cancer management by improving survival and offering hope for remission. Chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is one of the most disabling and dose limiting complications, significantly affecting quality of life and treatment adherence. Aim: The study aims to study the effect of chemotherapy on nerve conduction velocity with electrophysiological parameters. Objectives were to evaluate the nerve conduction velocity in patient receiving chemotherapy & to investigate motor and sensory peripheral nerve conduction abnormalities among patient receiving chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 80 subjects (40 Cases and 40 control). Result: Statistical comparison of nerve conduction velocity among different drug classes showed significant differences, reaffirming that neurotoxicity is drugdependent, with platinum and axanes being most harmful. p-value: 0.003, Statistically significant difference in conduction velocity across chemotherapy drugs. Conclusion: The significant drop in nerve conduction velocity confirms the effectiveness of electrophysiological testing in early detection and grading of neuropathy. Such objective tools should be employed routinely alongside clinical evaluation to monitor nerve function, guide treatment adjustments and initiate timely intervention.

Purpose: The coracobrachialis muscle shows considerable morphological variability, some forms of which may have important surgical and radiological implications. We describe a rare variant in which the coracobrachialis continues distally as an accessory muscle belly coracoulnaris crossing the neurovascular bundle and inserting into the olecranon process. Methods: The variation was identified during routine cadaveric dissection of an embalmed male cadaver aged approximately 70 years. Detailed anatomical dissection was performed to document the origin, course, insertion, and relationships of the variant muscle. Results: The coracobrachialis originated normally from the apex of the coracoid process but did not insert into the humeral shaft. Instead, it formed an elongated accessory belly that crossed superficial to the median nerve and brachial vessels, fused with the long head of the triceps brachii, and inserted into the olecranon process. An additional anomalous attachment to the tendon of latissimus dorsi was observed. Conclusion: This rare configuration represents persistence of embryonic muscle primordia and may predispose to neurovascular compression or complicate surgical and radiological procedures involving the arm and axilla. Awareness of such variants is essential for clinicians working in this region.

The liver is a complex, highly vascular organ where vascular anatomical variations are the norm. This study aimed to analyse hepatic vascular anatomical variations in a single study, thereby helping us understand the prevalence of hepatic vascular anomalies in the population served by our institution. Method: Abdominal cavities of 16 embalmed adult human cadavers were dissected to investigate the variation in the origin, number, and branching patterns of hepatic arteries Conclusion: The significance of these variants must be considered during preoperative planning and the intra-arterial infusion of targeted drugs. This study further accentuates the importance of proper medical imaging and documentation to ensure the best treatment for each patient.

Background: Nasal anthropometry forms an important component of physical anthropology and has applications in forensic science, reconstructive surgery, and population studies. The nasal index varies significantly among different ethnic and regional populations due to genetic and environmental influences.1,2 Aim: To determine and compare the nasal index of adult populations from the Mewar and Vagad regions of Southern Rajasthan. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 healthy adults aged 18–25 years at Pacific Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, after obtaining ethical approval. Nasal height and nasal breadth were measured using standard anthropometric techniques, and nasal index was calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test. Results: The mean nasal index of the Vagad region was significantly higher than that of the Mewar region (p < 0.001). Leptorrhine nose type predominated in the Mewar region, while mesorrhine type was more common in the Vagad region. No statistically significant gender-based differences were observed. Conclusion: The study demonstrates significant regional variation in nasal index among populations of Southern Rajasthan, highlighting the influence of ethnic and regional factors.