Indian Journal of Anatomy

Anger is the most powerful form of emotional expression across all living beings. The primary emotion intends to convey inconvenience or nonacceptance of a certain behaviour or occurrence; it may also represent buried guilt, inefficiency, and a disguised form of expression that is always considered offensive. Smoothing herbs, including Bupleuri Radix and Cyperi Rhizoma, were frequently used in animal models and proved to depict anti-anger properties or effects. Drugs like Risperidone, aripiprazole, and lurasidone have considerable effects in reducing anxiety and anger in a heterogeneous group of neuropsychiatric disorders. Cognitive behaviour therapy, psychotherapy, and dialectical behavioural therapy, nevertheless, have shown promising effects. Further, recent research has provided promising results using electrical vestibular nerve stimulation in the management of negative emotions like stress and anxiety. Vestibular stimulation was known to provide calming effects and improve sleep. The primary aim of anger management would be controlled expression, a targeted approach to enhance parasympathetic dominance in a wholesome manner for the well-being of the individual, society, and mankind

Introduction: Liver is largest organ occupying the right hypochondrium, epigastrium and extending to left hypochondrium. Liver is wedge-shaped, it is concave inferiorly. Liver is divided into anatomical right and left lobes and quadrate lobe on inferior surface and caudate lobe on posterior surface. These two lobes are separated from each other by porta hepatis. Quadrate lobe is rectangular or triangular shape and is the segment IV of left lobe according to Couinaud classification. Pons hepatis means a segment of liver tissue connecting quadrate lobe with left lobe over fissure for ligamentum teres. Aim of the study was to observe morphological variations of quadrate lobe of liver in the cadaveric liver specimens. Materials and methods: A study was done for a period of 1 year by collecting 35 formalin fixed cadaveric liver specimens from the Department of Anatomy, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, B G Nagara, Dist Mandya from July 2025 - June 2026. Results: Shape of the quadrate lobe was rectangular in 18, triangular in 9, square in 3, pear shape in 3 and irregular in 2 specimens. Quadrate lobe was absent in 2 specimens. Pons hepatis was observed in 5 specimens. There were 5 fissures seen, 4 transverse and 1 vertical. Conclusion: Anatomical knowledge of variations such as absence, fissures and pons hepatis of quadrate lobe are important in radiological diagnosis and surgical procedures in the vicinity.

Background: Presence of an extra pulmonary ostium found in the left atrium during routine cadaveric dissection. Normally, four pulmonary veins (PV), two from each lung, return oxygenated blood to the left atrium (LA) and open into it through two pulmonary ostia, one on either side, since during embryonic development the primordial pulmonary vein and its principal branches merge with the atrial wall as the left atrium grows, giving rise to the four pulmonary veins. Structural variations can be observed by the degree of incorporation of the branches, thus affecting the number of openings in the left atrium. Clinically, pulmonary veins can trigger foci of electrical activity in atrial fibrillation, occasionally cause disorders like Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR), cause abnormalities in electrical activity of the heart depending upon the number of pulmonary veins draining into the left atrium, and lead to perioperative bleeding during surgical and endoscopic procedures if the patient presents with unknown venous anatomy. Recent research has shown that about 36% of patients may have changes in pulmonary venous architecture, which could be the cause of ectopic cardiac activity. Method: Regular dissection was performed on an 80-year-old formalin-fixed female cadaver. The left atrium of the heart was studied externally to observe variation in pulmonary drainage pattern. The presence of an extra pulmonary ostium was seen on the left aspect of the left atrium. Tracing it towards the lung architecture showed the remnant structure in the root of the left lung, along with other openings, thus exhibiting one of the five different drainage variations explained in previous studies. Discussion: The number of pulmonary veins draining into the left atrium may range from one to five. In this cadaveric heart, one extra pulmonary vein was found between the left superior and inferior pulmonary veins. A common ostium is most frequently observed among the left-side, whereas an additional pulmonary vein is more commonly identified on the right side. In the cadaver though additional vein was found on the left side rather than the right. Conclusion: Knowledge of variations in the number and arrangement of pulmonary veins is clinically important, as the pulmonary veins are a major source of ectopic atrial electric activity thus of importance to cardiologists, radiologists and surgeons.

Extracranial carotid dolichoarteriopathies, including tortuosity, coiling, and kinking, are recognized variations of the carotid arterial system. The coexistence of marked kinking of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and prominent looping of the external carotid artery (ECA) on the same side is uncommon. During routine cervical dissection of a formalin-fixed adult male cadaver, the right ICA ascended linearly for 13 mm from the bifurcation before forming a sharp hairpin-like configuration (inner loop base width 3 mm, longitudinal span 39 mm). The ipsilateral ECA formed a large anterolateral loop (longitudinal span 53 mm, apex height 31 mm) that displaced the internal jugular vein laterally. No macroscopic atherosclerotic plaques or constricting bands were observed. This unusual combination may be important during selected head and neck procedures. Awareness of such variations and appropriate preoperative vascular imaging may aid surgical planning.

Background: The xiphoid process is the smallest and most variable part of the sternum. Developmental variations such as bifid xiphoid process may occur due to incomplete fusion of the cartilaginous precursors during embryogenesis. Although usually asymptomatic, this variation is clinically important as it can be mistaken for a pathological lesion or traumatic injury on imaging studies. Case Presentation: During routine dissection of the pectoral region in an 89-year-old female cadaver, a bifid xiphoid process was observed. The process was continuous with the sternal body, and the xiphisternal joint was completely ossified. It was deflected to the right of the median plane and demonstrated 10° anterior eversion. The sternum was otherwise unremarkable. Conclusion: Bifid xiphoid process is a benign developmental variation of no functional significance. Its recognition is essential to prevent misinterpretation as a traumatic, pathological, or neoplastic lesion during clinical examination and radiological interpretation, and to ensure correct hand placement during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Introduction: Encephalocele is a congenital cranial defect through which meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and sometimes neural tissue herniate. Prenatal diagnosis permits further assessment and multidisciplinary counselling. Case Report: A 30-year-old pregnant woman underwent ultrasonography at approximately 36 weeks and 3 days of gestation. A live singleton fetus was identified in cephalic presentation, with a fetal heart rate of 136 beats per minute. An occipital calvarial defect with an extracranial sac containing echogenic neural tissue and apparent continuity with the intracranial contents was demonstrated, consistent with an occipital meningoencephalocele. The lateral ventricular atrium measured 14.77 mm, consistent with ventriculomegaly. The estimated fetal weight was 2521 g. Conclusion: Careful assessment of the fetal skull and intracranial structures is essential for recognising encephalocele and associated abnormalities. Further neurosonography, consideration of fetal magnetic resonance imaging, genetic counselling, and multidisciplinary planning are appropriate after prenatal diagnosis.