Abstract

Vitiligo is a common, acquired skin disorder characterized by the progressive loss of melanocytes, resulting in well-defined, depigmented patches on the skin. Its etiology remains unclear but is believed to be multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, and environmental triggers. The pathogenesis of vitiligo is primarily autoimmune, with cytotoxic T lymphocytes attacking melanocytes in affected areas. Oxidative stress also plays a crucial role in melanocyte destruction. Clinically, vitiligo manifests as symmetrical depigmented patches that can affect any area of the body, with the face, hands, and genital regions being common sites. Diagnosis is typically based on clinical features, though dermoscopy and skin biopsy can be used to confirm the condition. While there is no cure for vitiligo, various treatment options, including topical corticosteroids, phototherapy, and surgical interventions, are used to manage symptoms and restore pigmentation. The disease also has significant psychosocial impacts, with patients often experiencing social stigma, anxiety, and reduced quality of life. Despite advances in understanding its pathogenesis, vitiligo remains a challenging condition, and further research is needed to identify more effective therapies. This review provides an in-depth examination of the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic methods, and treatment approaches for vitiligo, with an emphasis on the need for ongoing research to improve patient outcomes.

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