Journal of Microbiology and Related Research

Biofilm is a community of micro-organisms, such as bacteria, that adheres to surfaces and form a protective slimy matrix. Biofilms are the most complex structure of micro-organisms attached to the animate and inanimate objects such as- teeth, pipes, medical devices etc. These cells are frequently embedded within a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). This extracellular polymeric substance protects the bacterial cells from environmental conditions. Physical properties of biofilms such as attachment, mechanical strength, and antibiotic resistance can be attributed to EPS matrix. Dental biofilm forming organisms are major sources of the oral diseases like disease of the gums that is initiated by subsets of microbes that colonize on or just below the gingival margin. Dental Biofilms are the most prevalent cause of oral diseases that colonizes in the gingival and sub-gingival regions of the mouth. The present study aims to isolate the biofilm forming bacteria from the oral cavity, their morphological characterization, biochemical identification and detection of biofilm by various assays. Firstly, samples were collected from the oral cavity of healthy individuals, and then inoculated on various media such as- NA, TSA, and MS-Agar for isolation of biofilm forming microorganisms. Ten isolates were Gram positive cocci either in chains or clumps. Seven isolates were Gram negative rods and three isolates were Gram positive cocci in bunches. The isolates were characterized by Gram staining, Biochemical tests involving IMViC test, catalase test, oxidase, urease, sugar fermentation and motility test. The isolated organisms were observed for their ability to lyse the RBCs by haemolysis test. Biofilm formation assay was carried out by tube assay, tissue culture plate assay, coverslip assay and by microtiter dish assay. It was observed that out of 20 samples 14 samples were found to produce biofilm. Four out of fourteen isolates were strong and six isolates were moderate biofilm producers (10) by tube assay. Five out of fourteen isolates were strong and six were moderate biofilm producers (11) by tissue culture plate assay and microtiter dish assay. While only very few samples showed the same formation by coverslip assay. Therefore, the TC plate assay and Microtiter dish assay can be used upon the tube method for the detection of biofilm formation.

Introduction: Pyogenic infections are caused by pyogenic bacteria, characterized by the formation of pus. These infections can affect various body parts, including the skin, soft tissues, eyes, burns, bones, and joints. Aim: This study aims to isolate and identify bacterial pathogens from pyogenic human infections and analyze the demographics (age and gender) most affected. Methods: Pus sample was collected from 162 patients received from various clinics. The samples were immediately inoculated onto MacConkey agar and blood agar plates and incubated at 37° C for 24 hours. After incubation, Gram staining and biochemical tests were performed to characterize the bacterial isolates. Results: Among the 162 patients, 102 were male (63%) and 60 were female (37%). Out of the 162 pus samples processed, 95 (58.6%) were culture-positive, while 67 (41.4%) showed no bacterial growth. The distribution of 95 culture-positive isolates included: Gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae (6), Escherichia coli (35), Acinetobacter spp. (4), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8). Gram-positives were Staphylococcus aureus (25), Streptococcus spp. (6), Enterococcus spp. (6). Fungal isolates were candida spp. (2). This study highlights a significant prevalence of pyogenic infections, with a higher incidence among males aged 21– 60 years and females aged 21–50 years. The most frequently isolated pathogens were and, emphasizing the need for effective infection control measures and targeted antibiotic therapy.

Chemical fertilizers have long been used to meet the soil’s nutritional and production needs, but excessive usage of these fertilizers can harm the environment, beneficial bacteria, animals, and people. Consequently, economical and ecologically friendly Biofertilizer are applied. Biofertilizer are materials that contain microorganisms that Fungi, bacteria, and protozoa are examples of microorganisms that can boost the fertility of soil through iron sequestration, phosphorus solubilisation, and nitrogen fixation. By converting insoluble nutrients into soluble forms, these processes make them accessible to plant roots, which can readily absorb and use them. Rice, oats, and other grain crops are among the many crops whose productivity can be raised by using Biofertilizer. We go over how to apply Biofertilizer in this overview, how they benefit plants, and in which they are beneficial.

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) remains diagnostically difficult because disease manifestations are heterogeneous, affected sites may be inaccessible and most clinical specimens are paucibacillary. No single investigation performs consistently across all anatomical forms. Rapid molecular assays can provide early detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and rifampicin resistance, but their sensitivity varies markedly by specimen type and a negative result cannot exclude disease. Culture remains essential for recovery of viable bacilli and phenotypic drug-susceptibility testing, whereas cytology and histopathology demonstrate tissue response and help identify alternative diagnoses. Biochemical, antigen and immune-based tests are useful only in defined settings, and imaging is most valuable for localisation, complication assessment and image-guided sampling. This Short Communication proposes a pragmatic specimen-centred approach: establish clinical probability and urgency, identify the highest-yield sampling target, divide representative material before formalin fixation and perform molecular testing, microscopy, culture and pathology in parallel. Results should then be integrated with pre-test probability, specimen quality and disease severity. This multimodal strategy reduces diagnostic delay, preserves opportunities for resistance testing and avoids over-reliance on any single negative assay

Obesity and its metabolic complications are a growing global health burden, pushing the search for safer, more effective treatments. This review looks at fungalderived therapeutic enzymes and endophytic fungi as sustainable resources for new treatments, particularly pancreatic lipase inhibitors for metabolic disease. It covers the pharmaceutical relevance of fungi like Aspergillus niger, A. oryzae, A. flavus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which produce enzymes used in oncology, metabolic and digestive disorders, inflammation, thrombosis, and enzyme replacement therapy. Particular attention goes to pancreatic lipase inhibitors and fungal bioactive metabolites as anti-obesity agents that reduce dietary fat absorption with fewer side effects than current synthetic drugs. The review also examines how fungal secondary metabolites are biosynthesized and regulated, including biosynthetic gene clusters, metabolic engineering, heterologous expression, and protein engineering used to boost enzyme production and stability. Enzymes like L-asparaginase, uricase, lactase, lipase, β-glucosidase,superoxide dismutase, cytosine deaminase, and fibrinolytic enzymes are discussed by mechanism, application, and clinical status. Manufacturing topics fermentation, downstream processing, GMP, immunogenicity, and regulation round out the picture. Despite ongoing challenges in stability and scale-up, advances in synthetic biology and precision fermentation continue to position fungal biotechnology as a sustainable platform for treating obesity, cancer, and other chronic diseases.