Abstract

This article look into the etiopathogenesis, assessment, prevention and management of pressure ulcer. It also covers the role of pressure release devices and newer treatment methods in healing process of these wounds. Pressure ulcers occur from friction and shear and are progressive. It is usually found in bedridden and immobile people. Spinal cord injury patients have loss of sensation which adds on the problem. Pressure ulcers are preventable usually and based on severity management changes.

• 1.   Guyton, A.C. Capillary fluid exchange, interestitial fluid dynamics and lymph flow. in: A.C. Guyton (Ed.) Human physiology and mechanism of disease. 5th ed. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia; 1992: 124–135.
• 2.   Gefen A. Reswick and Rogers pressure-time curve for pressure ulcer risk. Part 1. Nurs Stand. 2009;23:64. 66, 68 [PubMed: 19678520].
• 3.   Gefen A. Reswick and Rogers pressure-time curve for pressure ulcer risk. Part 2. Nurs Stand. 2009;23:40–4. [PubMed:19685678].
• 4.   Callam MJ, Ruckley CV, Harper DR, Dale JJ. Chronic ulceration of the leg: Extent of the problem and provision of care. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985;290:1855–6. [PMCID: PMC1416814] [PubMed: 3924283].
• 5.   Dodd KT, Gross DR. Three-dimensional tissue deformation in subcutaneous tissues overlying bony prominences may help to explain external load transfer to the interstitium. J Biomech. 1991;24:11–9. [PubMed: 2026630].
• 6.   Kuffler DP. Techniques for wound healing with a focus on pressure ulcers elimination. Open CircVasc J. 2010;3:72– 84.
• 7.   Goossens RH, Snijders CJ, Holscher TG, Heerens WC, Holman AE. Shear stress measured on beds and wheelchairs. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1997;29:131–6. [PubMed: 9271146].
• 8.   Allman RM. Pressure ulcer prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and impact. ClinGeriatr Med. 1997;13:421–36. [PubMed: 9227937].
• 9.   Bliss MR. Hyperaemia. J Tissue Viability. 1998;8:4–13. [PubMed: 10480965].
• 10.   NPUAP. 2007. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Support Surface Standards Initiative - Terms and Definitions Related to Support Surfaces. Available from: http:// www.npuap.org/NPUAP_S3I_TD.pdf.
• 11.   Black J, Baharestani M, Cuddigan J, Dorner B et al. (NAPUAP. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel’s Updated Pressure Ulcer Staging System. Urologic Nursing 2007; 27:144 150.
• 12.   Norton D. Calculating the risk: reflections on the Norton Scale. Decubitus 1989;2:24–31.
• 13.   Bergstrom N, Braden BJ, Laguzza A, Holman V. The Braden Scale for predicting pressure sore risk.Nurs Res 1987;36:205–210.
• 14.   McInnes E, Jammali-Blasi A, Bell-Syer SE, Dumville JC, Middleton V, Cullum N. Support surfaces for pressure ulcer prevention. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 9:CD001735.
• 15.   Twersky J, Montgomery T, Sloane R, et al. A randomized, controlled study to assess the effect of silk-like textiles and high-absorbency adult incontinence briefs on pressure ulcer prevention. Ostomy Wound Manage 2012;58:18–24.
• 16.   Harris C, Bates-Jensen B, Parslow N, Raizman R, Singh M, Ketchen R. Bates-Jensen wound assessment tool: pictorial guide validation project. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2010;37:253– 259.
• 17.   van Lis MS, van Asbeck FW, Post MW. Monitoring healing of pressure ulcers: a review of assessment instruments for use in the spinal cord unit. Spinal Cord 2010;48:92–99.
• 18.   Mumcuoglu KY, Lipo M, Ioffe-Uspensky I, Miller J, Galun R. Maggot therapy for gangrene and osteomyelitis. Harefuah. 1997;132:323–5. 382. [PubMed: 9153871].
• 19.   Sherman RA. Maggot versus conservative debridement therapy for the treatment of pressure ulcers. Wound Repair Regen. 2002;10:208–14. [PubMed: 12191002].
• 20.   Schönfeld M, Moll I, Maier K, Jung EG. Keratinocytes from cell culture for therapy of skin defects. Review and personal results. Hautarzt. 1993;44:281–9. [PubMed: 8320114].

Data Sharing Statement

Funding