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Journal of Global Medical Education and Research 8(1):p 11-14, Jan- June 2025. | DOI: n.a
Review Article
Gynaecomastia: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, Evaluation, and Management
Ravi Kumar Chittoria, Amrutha J S, Sriram V S
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Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.
Journal of Global Medical Education and Research 8(1):p 11-14, Jan- June 2025. | DOI: n.a
How Cite This Article:
Ravi Kumar Chittoria, Amrutha J S, Sriram V S. Gynaecomastia: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, Evaluation, and Management. Jr of Glob Med Edu and Res. 2025;8(1): 11-14Timeline
Received : June 24, 2025
Accepted : July 14, 2025
Published : June 30, 2025
Abstract
Gynecomastia is the benign proliferation of male breast glandular tissue due to hormonal imbalance. Though often physiological, it may occur due to systemic, neoplastic, or pharmacological causes. This review discusses the current understanding of gynecomastia's pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic approach, and updated treatment strategies
References
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- 3. Hussain MS, et al. Overview on Epidemiology, Causes and Management of Gynecomastia. Saudi Med Horizons J. 2023;4(1):19–24.
- 4. Abdelaal M, Ahmed MR, Elsayed MO. Diagnostic and Surgical Approach to Gynecomastia: A Comprehensive Review. Zagazig Univ Med J. 2024;30(1.6):2799–2806.
- 5. Braunstein GD. Clinical practice. Gynecomastia. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(12):1229–37.
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Data Sharing Statement
There are no additional data available. All raw data and code are available upon request.
Funding
This research received no funding.
Ethics Declaration
This article does not involve any human or animal subjects, and therefore does not require ethics approval.
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our gratitude to the patients, their families, and all those who have contributed to this study.
Conflicts of Interest
No conflicts of interest.
About this article
Cite this article
Ravi Kumar Chittoria, Amrutha J S, Sriram V S. Gynaecomastia: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, Evaluation, and Management. Jr of Glob Med Edu and Res. 2025;8(1): 11-14
Licence:
Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.
| Received | Accepted | Published |
|---|---|---|
| June 24, 2025 | July 14, 2025 | June 30, 2025 |
DOI: n.a
Keywords
GynaecomastiaSurgeryGradingBreastEvaluationSearch for Similar Articles
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Timeline
| Received | June 24, 2025 |
| Accepted | July 14, 2025 |
| Published | June 30, 2025 |
licence
Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.
