Abstract

Colon cancer represents a significant global health burden characterized by heterogeneous molecular profiles that influence disease progression and treatment outcomes. Tyrosine kinase receptors (TKRs), including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), play a pivotal role in its pathogenesis by initiating oncogenic signaling pathways that are crucial for tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The use of inhibitors, including monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, to target TKRs has transformed the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), leading to enhanced clinical outcomes, especially when used alongside conventional chemotherapy protocols. However, challenges like therapeutic resistance and adverse effects underscore the need for continued research into novel agents, biomarker development for patient stratification, and combination therapies integrating TKR inhibitors with immunotherapies. This review offers a detailed summary of existing treatment approaches that target TKRs in colon cancer, focusing on how they work their effectiveness in clinical settings, associated challenges, and future prospects for improving treatment outcomes and patient care.

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