Journal of Global Public Health

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a major and evolving challenge to modern medicine, driven in part by the remarkable capacity of microorganisms to adapt to antimicrobial pressure. Humans and microbes have coexisted throughout evolution, with the human microbiome playing essential roles in digestion, metabolism, immune development, and overall health. The widespread and often inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents in human medicine, agriculture, veterinary practice, and other sectors has contributed to the emergence and dissemination of multidrug-resistant organisms, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria, and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB). Microorganisms can evade antimicrobial treatment through diverse mechanisms, including enzymatic drug inactivation, modification of drug targets, reduced drug uptake, and increased drug efflux. Their rapid reproduction and genetic adaptability further accelerate this evolutionary process. Therefore, conventional approaches based solely on developing new antimicrobial agents may not provide a sustainable long-term solution. This article highlights the need for complementary strategies based on antimicrobial stewardship, microbiome research, vaccination, probiotics, early-life immune development, and emerging genetic and cellular technologies. Greater understanding of host–microbe co-evolution and manipulation of beneficial microbial communities may provide novel approaches for controlling infectious diseases while preserving microbial–human coexistence. Interdisciplinary collaboration among microbiologists, molecular biologists, evolutionary biologists, and biotechnologists is essential for developing sustainable strategies to address AMR.

Introduction: Anemia is most prevalent nutritional problem worldwide and it is mainly caused by iron deficiency. Iron is very necessary for many functions in the body including formation of haemglobin, brain development and function, regulation of body temperature, muscle activity and catecholamine metabolism. Lack of iron in blood directly affect immune system, diminishes the number of T-cells and the production of antibodies. Along with the pharmacological therapy, many complementary therapies are also available for treating anemia. Similarly consuming beetroot juice or beet as cooked vegetable in salad is highly beneficial in treating anemia. Aim of the study: To assess the effectiveness of beetroot juice with lemon and beetroot juice without lemon on anemia among adolescent girls at selected Senior Secondary School, Faridkot. Material and methods: A quantitative approach with and quasi experimental, pre test-post test research design was selected for the present study. With simple random sampling (60) anemic adolescent girls were selected having Hb value of 9-11 gm/dl. Out of 60 selected anemic adolescent girls, random allocation was done by slip method and 30 each were assigned to experimental group 1 and experiment group 2. Socio demographic data sheet and Hb record sheet was prepared to assess the effectiveness of beetroot juice with lemon and beetroot juice without lemon on anemia among adolescent girls. Results: Both interventions i.e. beetroot juice with lemon and beetroot juice without lemon were helpful in improving Hb among adolescent girls but comparison of these interventions showed post intervention mean score of beetroot juice with lemon was 11.73 and mean of beetroot juice without lemon was 11.26 which were significant at p value <0.05. Conclusion: Beetroot juice with lemon is an effective intervention to raise the level of Hb and improve the absorption of iron. Adolescent girls can prepare it themselves and the cost is low when compared with other iron rich vegetables.

Background: Self -medication is a major global public health problem including India. High consultation fee and burden of avoidable investigation are the main causes of self-medication. Self-medication has advantages of being economical, convenient, time saving and reduces the burden on health care system for minor illnesses. However, there are certain sideeffects of self- medication i.e. inappropriate usage of antibiotics leading to drug resistance, wastage of resources and adverse drug reactions. Methods: Present study was a cross sectional study among the selected population in urban in urban field practice area of AJIMS & RC, Mangaluru. Face to face interviews were conducted using the validated questionnaire. Results: A total of 472 heads of families were included in the study. High prevalence (62.7%) of selfmedication was observed among the study subjects. Self-medication was mainly used for common minor problems (72.4%), while antipyretics were the commonest (71.4%) drug used. Self-medication was found to be more among professionals, those who had higher educational qualification and belonged to higher socio-economic strata. Pharmacies were the most common source of procurement of drugs. Conclusion: The study brought out high prevalence of self-medication.

Plastic is a kind of material that is commonly known and used in everyday life in many forms. It becomes a very important part of each one’s life. Increasing population and also the growth of producing sectors in developing countries have inflated the demand for plastic production. In proportion to the expansion of plastic trade, generation of plastic waste is additionally increasing. However, recovery and recycling of this waste was not sufficient resulting in the buildup of those plastics in landfills and oceans per annum. Plastic become a major environmental pollutant of present time. Being composed of toxic chemicals and most significantly a non-biodegradable substance, plastic pollutes earth and ends up in soil and water pollution. Various toxic substances releasing from plastic degradation and these pollutant was consumed by plankton and other minor invertebrates, thus becoming part of food chain, reaching humans in the end. According to the varied studies of wide unfold presence of plastics, in several compartment of ecosystem its potential that organisms in terrestrial and fresh can en-counter plastic particles. These contaminants usually have well known generative, cancer, and agent effects. The government, law implementing agencies and health authorities of the country ought to take a lot of steps for sustainable production and proper disposal of plastic wastes

This research was conducted to assess the existence of Public Private Partnership in a district of Maharashtra state. The researcher further explored the extent of support through PPP and its effect of health care delivery services. Mixed method approach was used with the assumption that PPP model have a positive impact on achieving the desired result of health for all. Findings of the study revealed that, PPP model is accepted and implemented at some of the health care establishments in the selected district. Findings also suggested that 60% of the samples believe that PPP model improves service delivery and 70% of the samples suggested that a framework needs to be developed to implement PPP model effectively and efficiently

Non communicable diseases are fast growing in Indian scenario. Knowingly or unknowingly, certain unhealthy ways of coping up can be a reason for non-communicable diseases. When we are unable to maintain a balance between mind and body system through effective coping strategies, we experience stress. Everyone can deal with stress either through changing the stress producing situations or changing our reaction to stressful situations. Avoid the stressors, alter the stressors, adapt the stressors and accept the stressors are the key area of concern related to stress management. Moreover one should set a powerful mind against alcoholism, smoking and drug abuse. Effective stress management can reduce the risk of non- communicable diseases to some extent

AES was a term introduced in 2008 by the World Health Organization to strengthen the surveillance and research of AES in India. AES is characterized by high case fatality rate particularly of children below 15 years. Clinically presents with fever and altered consciousness and rapid worsening of the condition often leading to death. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the leading diagnosed cause of acute encephalitis, other causes include enteroviruses, scrub typhus, and other viruses circulating in the local area. In many cases, however, no etiological agent is determined, and such cases are categorized broadly as acute encephalitis syndrome (AES). It has been in recent years a pressing public health emergency in India

Introduction: Health-care system in a society must be built around the term of equity so that each individual should have equal opportunities for maintaining good health, but human societies are characterized by unevenness at every aspect, and it has even not spared the health-care system. Planning for health services provision depends on the health needs and Health Seeking Behavior of the population. Aim of study: The study is intended to assess the utilization of health services among population residing in selected rural community of district Faridkot. Methodology: Quantitative research approach with descriptive research design was used. 200 adults residing in selected village were selected through two stage cluster random sampling technique. Tools used were Socio-demographic data sheet and interview schedule to assess utilization of health services from study subjects after seeking willingness. Analysis was done by using the descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Study reported that out of 200 study subjects residing in village Bajakhana, majority of study subjects i.e. 63.5% (127) were sick and 36.5% (73) study subjects were not sick in the last one year. From 127 study subjects who were sick, maximum 86.6% (110) of study subjects had taken treatment and rest of 13.3% (17) study subjects had not taken treatment. Age, religion, qualification, occupation and marital status of adults showed statistically significant impact on utilization of health care services Conclusion: Study concluded that health care seeking behavior varies with age, educational status, occupation, marital status and religion. Government services were preferred than the private services by study population

Background: “Blue Whale Challenge”, is a social network phenomenon which has allegedly been claimed to be an online “suicide game” aiming adolescents and young adults. The story of the Blue Whale challenge began with Rina Palenkova, an adolescent from South-eastern Russia who posted a selfie on 22 November 2015, with a black scarf wrapped around her mouth and nose with her middle finger up at the camera looking as if it’s covered with dried blood. The photo’s caption read: “Nya bye” “which in Russian language means“good bye “The next day, she took her own life. Later in May 2016, an article in Russian newspaper reported many suicides among teenagers and linked these to a Russian-based VK social network. Thereafter nearly 130 claims of suicide have been made so far linked to the “Blue whale game” all over the world, including India. Present study was undertaken to assess the impact of this deadly game of “Blue Whale Game” among the adolescent students in Thrissur, Kerala. Material and methods: Present study was a cross sectional study conducted among adolescent students of 06–12 grade of Vidya Vihar Central School, Kakkasery, Thrissur. A total of 189 students were enrolled in the study. Results: Present study revealed that 74.5% of students used internet every day for 2–6 hours. Further, 84.7% of them were willing to take the challenges while 94.2% of them were willing to take the risk. The study brings out a negative impact of social media and internet use on academic performance as well as outdoor activities among the study subjects. Conclusion: The study brings out an urgent need to educate our children about the potential hazards of indiscriminate use of internet and malicious social networking sites

Introduction: Patient satisfaction is one of the important goals of any health care institution. While the health care industry is going through a rapid transformation to meet the needs of its clientele, it is not always easy to measure their satisfaction level, as it depends on many factors such as behaviour of doctor and other health staff, cost and quality of clinical and laboratory services, hospital infrastructure, physical comfort, emotional support and respect for the patient and their attenders etc. Present study was undertaken to study the level of patient satisfaction and its determinants, with a view to improve quality of patient care, in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted over a period of three months i.e. from 01 January 2019 to 31 March 2019. Using purposive sampling method, a total of 90 patients were randomly selected by lottery method from different Indoor Clinical departments, except Paediatric ward. A semi -structured questionnaire was used comprising of 30 items to measure core dimension of patient satisfactions. Scoring was done using five-point Likert scale, with 1 and 5 indicating the lowest and highest levels of satisfaction, respectively. Results: The overall satisfaction level of patients in present study was found to be 73.5%. Majority (82.2%) of the patients expressed satisfaction over the assistance given at registration desk while three fourth (88.8%) of the patients were happy with time devoted by the doctor to attend them in the wards. Patients were also satisfied with the behaviour of the doctors and other staff. However, 71.1% of the patients were dissatisfied with the taste and Quality of food and its available canteen facilities. Conclusion: Present study brings out that patients were satisfied with the quality of professional services in the hospital and behaviour of doctors, nursing and paramedical staff.