Indian Journal of Research in Anthropology

Marginalization is a multifaceted phenomenon occurring at both global and local levels. Entire societies can be marginalized within the global order, while specific classes and communities experience marginalization within dominant social structures. In India, marginalized groups have historically suffered due to factors such as caste, religion, gender, age, untouchability, and disability. These factors directly and indirectly affect their occupations, livelihoods, health, and education. This article examines the persistent social and legal challenges these communities continue to face. The research utilizes secondary data from diverse sources, including books, existing research studies, government archives, and bibliographical resources. Marginalization prevents participation in social life, leading to further isolation. Crucially, this article explores the psychological impact of marginalization, emphasizing its role in societal well-being and suggesting pathways toward freedom, equality, and justice. Social exclusion leads to discriminatory experiences in daily life, increasing vulnerability to risky behaviors such as commercial sex work, begging, drug use, and even suicidal ideation. Integrated approaches and strategies at all societal levels are essential to improve social inclusion and access to social services. It is important to note that even in developed countries, poverty, exclusion, and stigmatization remain a reality for certain populations.

The Oraon tribe, a prominent ethnic group in Jharkhand, India, is distinguished by its unique cultural practices, animistic beliefs, forest-based livelihoods, agrarian economy, Kurukh language, vibrant rituals and festivals. These elements form a strong sense of community and are preserved across generations. However, modern influences such as industrialization, modernization, westernization, sanskritization, and socioeconomic changes have significantly impact their social, economic, political, and cultural life. This study explores the effects of these factors on the cultural transformation of the Oraon tribe. The objectives of this paper are (i) to investigate the factors driving cultural transformation within the Oraon tribe, and (ii) to assess the impacts of modernization and industrialization on social structure and traditions. The research was conducted in Charki Tola, Murwe and Basaria village, located in the Simaria Block of Chatra district of Jharkhand, which is home to approximately 79 Oraon households. A qualitative research approach was employed, utilizing primary anthropological methods such as semi structured schedule, observation, interview and case study. The Oraon tribe is undergoing significant changes in their cultural identity due to internal dynamics and external influences, resulting in transformations in their life and cultural heritage. The Oraon tribe is undergoing significant changes in cultural identity due to modern technology and external influences. Social and cultural shifts are apparent as pressures from dominant cultures, state policies, and external perceptions erode their heritage. To preserve their traditions, initiatives should focus on raising awareness and educating the community about their languages, values, and traditions, ensuring future generations stay connected to their heritage

Background: The bone length of paediatric patients varies with respect to normal individuals. Patients were mainly affected with congenital autopod anomalies such as brachydactyly, syndactyly, and polydactyly. Brachydactyly with short bones are further divided into different types: Brachydactyly A, brachydactyly B, brachydactyly C, brachydactyly D, and brachydactyly E. Aim: This study aims to classify the types of brachydactyly by measuring metacarpophalangeal profile patients: A radiometric study Objectives: Classify the types of brachydactyly patients and compare them with the controls based on X-rays of hands. Material: A cross-sectional study was conducted on the children at a tertiary care center from July 2020 to March 2024. Metacarpal and phalangeal lengths of little, ring, middle, index, and thumb fingers on X-ray films of patients and controls were measured by digimatic calipers. The recorded data were analysed by SPSS version 26 and Graph Pad Prisma 8.2. Result: We found highly significant p values in ratios of phalangeal lengths 2P:3P, 2P:4P, 2P:5P, 2L:3L, 2L:4L, 2L: 5L ( P; Proximal phalanx length , L: middle phalanx length). This predicted abnormal or short/missing proximal, middle, and distal phalanges of individuals with brachydactyly type A. We found highly significant p values in ratios of (MC: Metacarpal length) 2MC: 3MC, 2MC:4MC, 2MC:5MC, and 2P:4P in brachydactyly type E.  Conclusion: This predicted short 3rd, 4th, 5th metacarpals and 4th proximal phalanges in comparison to controls. Thus, X-ray analysis is the gold standard tool for evaluating the different types of brachydactyly. The research emphasizes the importance of hand anthropometry in understanding anatomical changes and the diversity of brachydactyly.

This research paper focuses on the Iconographic Study of the Sculptures of Vishnu’s Vamana Avatar stored in Rani Mahal Museum, Jhansi, located in Uttar Pradesh. This Study explores the Vamana Avatar Sculptures as a significant artifact of socio-cultural heritage. A comprehensive analysis of them has been presented through the research paper, which is famous for its rich cultural heritage and artistic traditions. Rani Mahal Museum has an important collection of Sculptures of Vamana Avatar, which displays the rich cultural heritage and artistic traditions of this region. The aim of this research paper is to study the mentioned Sculptures in detail from the iconography point of view and discuss their spiritual and worldly nature and the purpose of their construction. Ancient man has first tried to bring his feelings and thoughts into the open through art. Studying these Sculptures gives us a deep understanding of Vishnu worship in the referenced region, as well as highlights the importance of this region in the development of Vaishnav art and iconography. Valuable information about the religious, social and cultural practices of any region can be obtained from the Sculptures found in that region. The research paper also underlines the urgent need to preserve these cultural treasures for future generations. An attempt has also been made to relate these Sculptures to the stories of Vaishnava religion described in ancient Indian texts. This research provides insights into the socio-cultural heritage of the region, shedding light on the historical and cultural narratives that continue to influence contemporary society. This research paper is based on the historical research methodology of social sciences.

This research paper explores the historical evolution, geographical significance, socio-economic structure, and cultural heritage of Chhattisgarh, a state in central India. Formed in 2000, Chhattisgarh has a rich historical background, with its origins tracing back to ancient times when it was part of the Dakshin Koshal and Dandakaranya regions. The paper delves into the various dynasties that ruled the region, from the Satavahanas to the Marathas, and examines its eventual incorporation into British India. Geographically, Chhattisgarh is characterized by its diverse terrain, rich mineral resources, and a significant portion of its land covered by forests. Its economy is predominantly agriculture based, with paddy being the primary crop, earning it the title “Bowl of Paddy.” The study also highlights the demographic diversity, with a focus on the tribal population, and discusses the state’s literacy rates, health indicators, and administrative divisions. Using secondary data from government reports, historical records, and cultural research, this paper employs content and comparative analysis to assess the state’s development relative to national statistics. Despite significant progress in education and infrastructure, challenges remain, particularly in healthcare and rural development.

This study explores the complex interrelationship lies inbetween rituals and the formation of gender identity in contemporary contexts. Gender and ritual are interconnected aspects of indigenous culture that influence and shape the human experience as a whole. The paperexplained the holistic discourse on the remarkable participation of Bejuni (female Shamanin) in fairs and festivals in Dongria Kandha society. This paper examined the symbiotic relationship between gender identity and rituals within the Dongria Kandha community of Odisha, India. The study was conducted among the Dongria Kandha community of Bissamcuttack Block, Rayagada District, Odisha. The Dongria Kandha is one of the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) inhabiting in the Rayagada district of Odisha. The objectives of the paper are to highlight the life and culture of Dongria Kandha as well as the significance of gender roles in rituals within their culture. The present paper seeks to analyze the cultural empowerment dimension of gender identity among Dongria Kandha. The data had been collected from both primary and secondary sources. The paper has been concluded with a broader field of gender identity by offering insights into how gender and ritual contributed to the cultural identity of Dongria Kandha. The exploration of the role of rituals in shaping gender identity within contemporary perspectives reveals a dynamic and intricate interplay between cultural practices and the construction of individual and collective gender identities. The Dongria Kandha women have made a tremendous contribution to their culture, showing the autonomy of gender. From the perspectives of feminists and gender, the Dongria Kandha women enjoy high status in socio-cultural life, which shows their gender identity within society as a whole.

Background: Mahatma Gandhi’s belongings, including the charkha, lathi, sandals, spectacles, stopwatch, and three wise monkeys, have become iconic artefacts representing his ethical worldview. In museum settings, these objects are reimagined as strong symbols that actively communicate ideological meaning beyond their utilitarian origins. Aim: To investigate how Gandhi’s personal items serve as semiotic and ethical tools in museums, transcending their utilitarian beginnings. Objectives: The study aims to investigate the symbolic meanings of Gandhi’s belongings, utilizing Museum Anthropology and Alfred Gell’s object agency theory to study their ideological value, and envies how museums curate and disseminate his ethical legacy to modern audiences. Material: The study tried to examine Gandhi’s charkha (spinning wheel), lathi (walking stick), leather sandals, spectacles, stopwatch, and the three wise monkeys, as well as the practice of fasting, as depicted in museum exhibitions and cultural representations of National Gandhi Museum and Charkha Museum, New Delhi. Results: The study revealed that Gandhi’s personal artefacts had multiple symbolic connotations in museum contexts. The charkha indicates self-reliance, the lathi represents moral fortitude, and the sandals promote anti-caste equality. His spectacles signify an ethical vision, the stopwatch symbolises time discipline, and the three wise monkeys represent pacifism. Fasting is seen as embodied ethics. Collectively, these artefacts provide rich tales that connect visitors to Gandhi’s lived philosophy. Banita Behera1, M.R.Gangadhar et al. My Understanding of Mahatma Gandhi: A Museum Anthropological Study of Gandhi’s Artefacts and their Symbolism, as Represented in Museums. Conclusion: Museums does not only conserve Gandhi’s material legacy; they actively reinterpret and contextualise his ethical visions. These personal things serve as moral artefacts and semiotic instruments, instilling Gandhi’s ideas in public consciousness through carefully chosen iconography and tailored experiences.