Indian Journal of Law and Human Behavior

According to the components of good governance, which is the result of the World Bank and the United Nations, the fight against corruption is one of the most important components of good governance. Various factors such as the government, the private sector, and civil society are involved in the fight against corruption. However, the impartiality of civil societies' and non-governmental organizations have factors that can increase their effective and efficient participation in the fight against corruption. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method to investigate the role of specialized civil society and non-governmental organizations in the fight against corruption in IRI and the Philippines. The findings of this study indicate that in the Philippines, specialized civil societies and non-governmental organizations such as the organization "Citizens Concerned for the Establishment of Good Cloud Governance", "Organization for the Procurement of Government Items and Procurement", "Accountability and Transparency Network" and The Association of Thousand Christian Members in the Government are the civil and non-governmental organizations active in the fight against corruption in this country in the Southeast Asian region. At present, in the fight against corruption in IRI, the decision making is done through governmental institutions in parallel, but from September 2015 a civil society has been activated as Watch Transparency and Justice. Although very good laws have been passed by the Islamic Consultative Assembly and these laws have recognized the role of civil and non-governmental organizations, but in terms of structure and behavior compared to Southeast Asia, there is a considerable gap, and in principle, specialized civil and non-governmental organizations do not play a significant role in the fight against corruption, but basically such institutions have not been established comprehensively and it is necessary to recognize the role of these institutions based on a comparative study. To be supported by the government and while recognizing these specialized institutions, these tools should also be used in the fight against administrative and economic corruption.

Over the years, discrimination based on race, gender, disability, sexual status, or gender identity has become more prominent. While organisations and groups are making efforts to end the discrimination, constitutions and lawmakers have to play a role in overcoming this injustice. This research argues that the various challenges that vulnerable individuals face include the idea that they are seen and treated as nuisances and threats to the national values, moral order, religious beliefs, and everyday notions of gender identity. Therefore, this research aims to explore the roles constitutions can play in alleviating the sufferings of victims of discrimination. The research method adopted is the doctrinal research, involving the analysis of existing literature on the topic and applying reasoning, as well as observation principles to deduce viable solutions to the injustice. Focus was placed on reports from United States of America and other foreign countries due to their robust literature on the subject matter. This study found that the explicit inclusion of the vulnerable individuals in the constitution may have a more significant impact in overcoming the injustice of discrimination against such group. This research recommends that constitutions provide explicitly for enforcement of the rights of everyone against all forms of discrimination undermining their gender identities.

International humanitarian law also called the law of war sets out detailed rules that seek to limit the effects of armed conflict. Geneva Conventions and their additional protocols of 1977 are the principal treaties governing aid to and protection of victims of armed conflicts. In order to secure the guarantees provided by these instruments, it is essential that the states implement their provisions to the fullest extent. The term implementation covers all measures that must be taken to ensure that the rules of IHL are fully respected. In the present paper the researcher, will discuss that whether the International Humanitarian Law has been met with open arms by government of India or its full-fledged application seems like a distant dream. Taking into account the ongoing conflicts in India the researcher will analyse that whether India needs to ratify the additional protocols of 1977 and how far the Geneva Convention Act of 1960 suffices the objective of implementing IHL obligations in India.

The law safeguards need to dovetail two clashing requests, on one hand, the necessities of the public for being protected from the dangers of being presented to the misfortunes of a man asserted to have carried out a wrongdoing; and on the other, the major ordinance of criminal statute. The assumption of purity of a charged, till he is discovered blameworthy. Keeping in mind the end goal, the Legislature in its intelligence has given exact bearings for giving safeguard. Before determining the place of bail within human rights framework as conferred by the Constitution, it is important to examine the object and meaning of bail, such that an analysis of these fundamental objects and change therein may reveal a change. The object detention of an accused person is primarily to secure her/his appearance at the time of trial and is available to receive sentence, in case found guilty. If his/her presence at the trial could be reasonably ensured other than by his arrest or detention, it would be unjust and unfair to deprive the accused of his liberty during pendency of criminal proceedings.Thus, it is important to note the relevant provisions enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Article 9, 10, and 11(1).

Manual scavenging has been called the worst surviving symbol of untouchability. Decades after Independence and despite its leaps in science and technology, India is yet to find an alternative for manual scavenging. The inhuman practice of manually removing night soil which involves removal of human excrements from dry toilets with bare hands, brooms or metal scrappers; carrying excrements and baskets to dumping sites for disposal, is not only diabolic but perhaps the highest degree of human rights violation. The Report of the Human Rights Watch also indicated that the occupation of manual scavenging is a caste based practice in India. Even after 75 years of Independence of the country, lakhs of the dalits are continuing in the unclean occupation. They are the worst victims of cruel social order and they are forced to continue in the same work and are suffering the caste based social exclusion. They are also paid low for their work. Their health and life are threatened, as the occupation is associated with hazardous working condition. They are prone to physical and psychological disorders. They are suffering objective hardship, humiliation, exploitation and social expulsion. Social compulsion to indulge in such heinous and hazardous work is both the rights issue and a social crime as well. Therefore, I have made an attempt in this paper to throw light upon the working conditions and living standards of the people performing scavenging operations and also it highlights the need of changing the beliefs and laws related to manual scavenging.