Indian Journal of Anatomy

Background: Acetabulum together with the head of the femur forms the hip joint. Major defect involving the joint space needs to be reconstructed. Variations in acetabular dimensions remain a challenge for the surgeons during arthroplasty. Adequate knowledge about the various morphometric parameters of the acetabulum may assist them to deliver the best results by preferring prosthesis with appropriate dimensions. Aim of the Study: To study the morphometric measurements of Acetabulum from the adult dry human pelvic bone. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry, Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation. The study sample consisted of 120 Human dry pelvic bones consisting of 60 right and 60 left sides. Classification of the bones regarding gender was not carried out. All the bones without any defect to the acetabulum were preferred for this study. Results: Mean diameter of the acetabulum was 50.43 ± 3.88 mm on the right side and 50.28 ± 3.85 mm on the left side. Mean depth of acetabulum was 24.34 ± 2.53 mm on the right side and 24.35 ± 2.54 mm on the left side. The mean width of the acetabular notch on the right side was 24.48 ± 1.89 mm and 24.29 ± 1.86 mm on the left. The mean diameter of the acetabulum on the right side is greater than the left. The mean depth on the right and on the left shows the only meager difference. The mean notch width on the left side is comparatively less than that on the right side. Conclusion: Morphometric values of the acetabulum compared on both sides provides adequate knowledge for the orthopedic surgeons to determine the appropriate size of the prosthesis during hip arthroplasty. Further studies involving gender may provide additional information to validate their surgical procedures.

Background: Mandible is the most durable and sexually dimorphic bone of the skull and resists postmortem changes too. Sexual dimorphism is seen in stages of mandibular development, growth rates and duration. Even by simple observation there is clear difference in size, height, thickness and muscle markings of mandible. Context and purpose: To establish and compare few metric parameters to assess sexual dimorphism in adult human mandibles of south Indian population. Methods: The present study was conducted on 60 dry adult human mandibles collected from anatomy dept of Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences and VRK Womens Medical College, Hyderabad. Only adult intact mandibles were included in study damaged, deformed broken bones excluded from study. First we classified bones depending on morphological features/non-metric parameters into males and females. Non-metric parameters were also recorded. Results: The mean bigonial breadth was 93.62 mm in males compared to 80.78 mm in females. Thus it was more in males compared to females and this difference was found out to be statistically significant. The bicoronoid breadth was 91.09 mm in males compared to 84.24 mm in females. Thus the bicoronoid breadth was more in males compared to females and this difference was found out to be statistically significant. Mandibular body height was significantly different for males and females mean for males was 28.13 mm and for females mean was 25.40 mm. Parameters like the mean bicondylar breadth, bimental breadth were not significantly different in males and females. Conclusion: The mean bigonial breadth, mean bicoronoid breadth and mandibular body height was significantly more in males compared to females. But other parameters were similar in both the sexes. Potential implications: Sexual dimorphism of skull is population specific due to combination of genetic as well as environmental factors. Racial and ethnic differences are also there. These metric data are useful for medicolegal, anthropological and dentofacial surgical procedures also.

Background: The skull of newborn normally consists of seven bones: the paired frontal, temporal, and parietal bones, and the single occipital bone, and six sutures including the paired coronal and lambdoid sutures, and the single sagittal and metopic sutures. The anatomical knowledge of the pediatric skull is a challenging task, and the stages of its development are not easily recalled by radiologists. Materials and Methods: The sagittal suture and bilateral coronal sutures were evaluated for 483 patients, ages 1 day to 395 days collected retrospectively from electronic medical records. Histograms as well as normality and boxplots were used to view the distribution of the data. Results: The average proximal suture widths for the sagittal and coronal sutures at zero months of age were 4.9 ± 0.13 and 2.45 ± 0.13 mm, respectively. From zero to 1 month of age, these sutures narrowed significantly to 2.3 ± 0.15 and 1.3 ± 0.13 mm, respectively. From 1 to 12 months of age, sutures narrowed gradually. The proximal coronal suture widths showed a significant reduction from 1 month to 12 months (1.3 ± 0.13 to 0.85 ± 0.12 mm). Conclusions: This study provides normal reference values for suture widths established by CT scan among a sample of Indian infant population and it may be used to assess the infant calvaria for suture diastasis.

Objectives: An opinion regarding different teaching, learning and assessment techniques of gross anatomy taken from 147 first MBBS students at MGM Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra with the help of specially designed questionnaire. Materials and Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy MGM Medical College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra with the help of predesigned questionnaire to the interest of 1st MBBS students batch 2018–19 in different teaching, learning and assessment techniques of gross anatomy. Results: Out of total, 50.34% of them were male and all were between the age group of 18-22 years. Most of the students were from State Board (63.95%). 37.50% students preferred small group teaching. 54.91% preferred dissection hall teaching for practical. Textbook is preferred as a best source of study material by majority of students (45%). Most of the students consider LCD as the best teaching methodology. 61.11% students believe that multimedia teaching relies on scientific contents is not boring and does not cause lack of attention. According to majority of students (61.64%), multimedia teaching is affected by teaching method, skill of faculty and ability to imagine relationship. 51.68% students consider part completion test as the best assessment technique to measure knowledge in theory. Conclusion: Anatomy forms backbone of medical education for 1st MBBS students. This study assesses effectiveness of modern method versus old chalkboard method of teaching gross anatomy. Such studies give us an idea of our area of deficiencies and strengths of teaching methods which help in bringing corrective measures in future. Students welcomed PBL, horizontal and vertical integration and e-learning. Students preferred LCD (Lecture cum demonstration) over lecture with chalk and board. Surprisingly students preferred text book over teacher’s notes. Students are interested in multimedia teaching. Students favoured part completion test over weekly tests.

Introduction: In India particularly in Rajasthan state, peoples drink water having high level of nitrates and concentration up to 500 mg of nitrate ion per liter is common. The ingested nitrate is converted to nitrite in the digestive system and absorb in blood causing methemoglobinemia. The peak of methemoglobin is observed at 45–95 mg/Liter of nitrate concentration of water. Aim of study: To find out the correlation between drinking water nitrate concentration and histopathological changes in duodenum and jejunum of rabbits of different groups. Materials & Methods: An experimental study was conducted in 10 rabbits according to guideline of ICMR, New Delhi between three and a half months to four months of age having weight ranging from 1.310 kg to 10720 kg. Five groups A, B, C, and D & E were formed with two rabbits in each group. The control group A was given water orally having 06 mg/ liter. Groups B to E (experimental groups) were administered water orally having a concentration of 100 mg/Liter, 200 mg/Liter, 400 mg/Liter & 500 mg/Liter of nitrate respectively for 120 days. Then all rabbits were anaesthetized and sacrificed according to the guidelines of the ICMR and duodenum and jejunum were removed and processed for paraffin sections. Hemotoxyllin and eosin staining was done for microscopic observations. Results: The results showed mononuclear infiltration and ulceration of epithelium in mucosa of duodenum and jejunum which started in Group B. The histopathological changes appeared in sub-mucosa, muscularismucosa, muscularisexterna and serosa, started from Group C as exfoliation, crowding and stratification of epithelium. The changes were more pronounced in duodenum and jejunum of group D & E in the form of congestion of blood vessels in sub mucosa and mild infiltration of lymphocytes in muscularisexterna and abnormal villi.

Background: The knowledge of various morphometric measurements of the vertebral body is essential for neurosurgeons and spinal surgeons for performing various operative procedures on the lumbar spine. The present study aims to create a morphometric database pertaining to the bodies of typical lumbar vertebrae. Objective: To measure the various dimensions of vertebral body in typical lumbar vertebrae. Material and methods: Two hundred dry human typical lumbar vertebrae of undetermined gender and age were selected for the study. The various parameters of vertebral body were measured. Results: The anteroposterior distance of the vertebral body in typical lumbar vertebrae ranged from 23.44 to 36.74 mm with a mean of 29.55 ± 2.93 mm. The transverse diameter of the vertebral body ranged from 33.54 to 54.06 mm with a mean of 42.37 ± 3.99 mm. The vertebral body width ranged from 29.26 to 48.98 mm with a mean of 37.23 ± 3.68 mm. The anterior height of the body ranged from 17.06 to 29.26 mm with a mean of 24.03 ± 2.14 mm. The posterior height of the body ranged from 17.84 to 31.42 mm with a mean of 25.28 ± 2.16 mm. Conclusion: The results provide a comprehensive database which will be helpful for designing of vertebral body instrumentations for Indian population.

Introduction: Normal mitral valve function depends on pillars of the trabeculae carnea represented by the papillary muscles. Knowledge of numbers of papillary muscles in anterior and posterior groups of papillary muscles is important because it is one of the components of mitral valvar complex and also for the restoration of normal physiological function of mitral valve which required resenctioned and stitching of papillary muscle, in case of injury and dysfunction of papillary muscle which lead to mitral regurgitation. Materials and Methods: Thirty formalin preserved fetal hearts at gestational age from 14 to 40 weeks were dissected through midline thoracotomy and cutting open the pericardial sac. The numbers of papillary muscles in anterior and posterior groups of papillary muscles in left ventricle were observed and recorded after an incision from the apex of heart along the left border and extending up to the left atrium. Result: The single papillary muscle in the anterior group of papillary muscles was in 21 (70%) fetuses, 2 anterior papillary muscles in 8 (26.7%) fetuses and 3 anterior papillary muscles in 1 (3.3%) fetus. The single papillary muscle in posterior group of papillary muscles was seen in 25 (83.3%) fetuses, 2 posterior papillary muscles in 4 (13.3%) fetuses, 3 posterior papillary muscles in 1 (3.3%) fetus. Conclusion: This study helps to understand the importance of papillary muscle in mitral valve complex and also to cardiothoracic surgeons for the surgery on mitral valve in case of mitral valve regurgitation.