Indian Journal of Anatomy

The aim of this short communication article was to explore the literature background behind cutaneous circulatory changes in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Measurement of skin blood flow using Laser doppler flowmetry and thermography for amplitude, flow rate and volume was indicative of autonomic dysfunction in DPN, and treatment using Alpha-lipoic acid, Frequency modulated rhythmic electromagnetic stimulation, Pentoxifylline and Ruboxistaurin were shown to improve skin blood flow in subjects with DPN.

Keywords: Neuroanatomy; Structural Endocrinology; Diabetic Neuropathy; Cutaneous Circulation. 

 Introduction: Variations in the number, the course and the termination of renal veins are less common than those involving renal arteries. Of these, variations involving right renal vein are more common than those of the left renal vein. But variations involving both renal vein and gonadal vein on the same side are quite rare. Case Report: Herein, we present a case report of accessory right renal vein which was receiving the right testicular vein observed during routine dissection. The cadaver also had a right sided incomplete inguinal hernia (Bubonocele). Conclusion: These variations are clinically relevant in the context of the harvest of the kidneys for renal transplant, renal angiography, portocaval shunting procedures, laparoscopic procedures involving the retroperitoneum and management of the abdominal trauma by Trans-Abdominal Retro-Peritoneal (TARP) approach.

Keywords: Accessory Right Renal Vein; Right Testicular Vein; Incomplete Inguinal Hernia; Bubonocele.

Wormian bones have been described as small irregular ossicles which are present within the cranial sutures and fontanelles. A vast majority of these wormian bones are located in the lambdoid suture (lambda). Two dry adult human skulls were found during medicolegal examination out of which one skull showed persistent metopic suture and a series of sutural bones while the other showed the presence of only wormian bones. The incidence of metopic suture varies in different races and can be due to various causes. The metopic suture is a dentate-type suture extending from the nasion to the bregma. It fuses at around 18 months to 7 years after birth, by which time most of the increase in breadth of the forehead is complete. When the metopic suture persists into adulthood it is known as “metopism”. Presence of more than ten sutural bones is unusual. It may warrant further investigations to identify an underlying pathology of hereditary disorder that has affected the skull growth at an early stage of development. The presence of metopic suture simulates the fracture of frontal bone, therefore it should be properly ruled out in x-rays by radiologists and neurosurgeons. The anatomical knowledge of Wormian bones is clinically important as they are markers for diseases and important in the primary diagnosis of brittle bone disease like osteogenesis imperfecta.

Keywords: Lambdoid Suture; Wormian Bones; Metopic Suture. 

Pterion is the bony land mark which lies in the norma lateralis of the skull. It forms the floor of temporal fossa. It is almost H-shaped which is formed by the articulation of four bones with each other i.e. frontal, parietal, the greater wing of sphenoid and temporal bones. It is bony land mark to find out the place of anterior division of middle meningeal artery in the cranium. Here the bones are very thin which can be broken easily in the clinical process for drainage of subdural haemorrhage. It is having a great clinical significance. The study on variations of pterion is important in practice of radiologists, neurosurgeons, forensic medicine, anthropologists and forensic dentologist because, epipteric type of pterion sometimes is considered as fractured skull. 250 human adult skulls of known gender were examined on both sides. Four types of pterion were observed – sphenoparietal 65.19%, frontotemporal 15.19%, stellate 14.21% and epipteric 5.31%. The pterion is points of sutural confluence seen in the norma lateralis of the skull. The patterns of formation exhibit population based variations. These findings should be of use in surgical approaches and interventionsvia the pterion.

Keywords: Skull; Pterion; Sphenoparietal; Frontotemporal; Stellate; Epipteric. 

 Background: The estimation of stature from forearm length holds a special place in the field of Forensic Anthrpometry. Aim: The aim of present study was to find out a regression equation that could calculate the height of a person precisely from forearm length. In this study the height and forearm length of 200 Ist M.B.B.S. students of Rajarshee Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Government Medical College, Kolhapur was measured. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis, to derive regression equation. The correlation coefficient was found 0.8146 for forearm length with stature in males and that of in females was 0.6985. Regression coefficient was 3.84 in males for forearm length and stature and 3.09 in females for forearm length and stature. The observed data was subjected to’t’ test for correlation coefficient. The value of ‘t’ was found to be statistically significant. The regression equations for estimation of statures were formulated using length of forearm. Conclusion: A good correlation of stature with forearm length was observed and it was statistically highly significant.

Keywords: Anthropometry; Forearm Length; Height; Stature.

Introduction: Morphometric and morphological study of cranium can be helpful in sexual dimorphism. Cranium is the second to pelvis in determining the sexual dimorphism. Fractures of the skull bones are common. Among the fractures nasal bone fractures are more common. Then comes the maxilla and mandible. Various factors can influence the facial bone fractures. They are motor car accidents, sports injury and boxing. Many works have been done on skull bones. The contribution on the study of anterior nasal spine was very less. Only two such case reports have been reported. Considering all these factors an attempt is made to correlate the anterior nasal spine between male and female dried skulls as well as in cadavers. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 32 dried skulls and in 18 cadavers. 20 male and 12 female dried skulls were segregated. The cadaveric dissection includes 13 male and 5 were female cadavers. The morphometric parameters like Vertical Length, Anteroposterior length and breadth were measured by ruler and Vernier calipers. All parameters were spastically analyzed. Results: All parameters were less in females as compared to males. Conclusion: It was observed that the mean values of vertical length (VL), breadth(BD) and anteroposterior length(AP) of nasal spine were greater than in males as compared to females which was statistically insignificant.

Keywords: Anterior Nasal Spine; Skull; Sexual Dimorphism. 

Introduction: In scapula, the acromium process projects forwards almost at right angles from the lateral end of the spine. The coracoacromial ligament lies between tip of acromian and coracoid process and it forms coraco-acromial arch. Below the arch thre is space it gives passage to the tendons of muscles forming musculo- rotator cuff. The morphometric study of the acromion process of the scapula is an important factor implicated in impingement syndrome of the shoulder joint. Methodology: This study was carried out on the 100 dry human scapulae of unknown age and sex, 50 were from the right side, and 50 were from the left. Measurements were taken using a vernier calliper and recorded in millimeters. Result: In this study shows the mean values of acromian length were 44.8mm. The acromian width mean values were 21.7mm.The acromian thickness was 5.7mm. The distances between acromian and coracoid processes were measured at two points. The distance taken from tip of the acromian process to tip of the coracoid process was found 36.5mm. The distance taken at the base of the coracoids to the tip of the acromian process mean value was 23.6mm. The acromio-glenoid distance observed 26,2mm. The three types of acromion process according to slope, flat was seen in 28 (28%), type II curved in 49 (49%) and type III hooked in 23(23%) of the total samples and also it was found the inferior surface of the acromian smooth in 74 (74%) and rough in 26 (26%) samples. Morphological shapes of the tip of the acromion were recorded as: cobra-shaped, square tip and intermediate-shaped Conclusion: Knowledge of the morphometeric values of scapula and acromian process is important for clinicians in understanding andcuring shoulder joint ailments.

Keywords: Scapula; Acromian Process; Morphometry. 

Background & Aim: The placenta is essential to fetal well being, growth and development. Ultrasonographic method is the best assessment method for placental evolution throughout antenatal care. Conventional 2D ultrasound has been widely used to study the evolution of placenta during pregnancy. This 2D evolution includes the assessment of the morphology and anatomy of the placenta, identification of its location and placental grading. Grannum. et al.(1979) devised systemic classification of ultrasonographic morphology of placenta based on the changes in the chorionic plate,placental substance and the basal layer, the three separate zones of placenta. Material & Methods: The present prospective comparative study is carried out on total 120 cases (59 Normal and 61 Hypertensive mothers) attending the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and radio diagnosis at padmshri. Dr. D.Y Patil medical research center, Kolhapur. Patients were scanned using Mindray DC-7 real time USG machine with a sector array 3.5 MHz frequency transducers. Patients were asked to maintain a full bladder, for obtaining a better window for USG examination. Scanning Technique- With patient in supine position, jelley was applied over the abdomen and examination was carried out. Multiple longitudinal and transverse scans are necessary to demonstrate the placenta completely. Chi-squire test was carried out for statistical analysis. Result: Placental maturity increases with gestational age in normal and high risk cases. In our study we observed hypermature placenta (Grade III) is common in hypertensive mothers. Fetal outcome is found to be directly related to severity of maternal hypertension. Conclusion: Thus, we conclude that regular monitoring of placenta in antenatal care is primary tool for fetomaternal surveillance in hypertensive pregnancies.

Keywords: USG Machine; Placental Grading; Placental Morphology; IUGR; PIH. 

Introduction: Heart is supplied by both right and left coronary arteries. A good knowledge of coronary artery branching pattern and their abnormal branching pattern that occur during fetal development is essential for clinicians. They are associated with high incidence of morbidity and mortality due to congenital heart diseases. Failure to recognize them can lead to inadequate or prolonged procedures and may also lead to misdiagnosis and complications such as accidental ligation. Aim: To find out the incidence of any anomalous coronary branching pattern. Materials& Methods: Properly embalmed and stored 50 human heart specimenswere chosen for the present study. They were manually dissected to study the course and distribution of coronary arteries. The study was carried out in dissection hall, Department of Anatomy, Rajah Muthaiah Medial College and Hospital (RMMC & H), Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. Results: We found that 48 (96%) heart specimens had normal coronary branching pattern and two (4.0%) anomalous coronary branching patternsout of 50 heart specimens. They are abnormal circumflex artery from posterior aortic sinus and arteriaanastomoticainfundibularis magna, an abnormal communication between anterior interventricular artery and right coronary artery. Conclusion: The knowledge about the abnormal branching pattern of coronary arteries will be useful to the cardiac surgeons to improve the knowledge of defects of coronary arteries and planning of angiography, coronary by bypass grafting and other surgical interventions, radiologists for refining interpretation of imagery and anatomists for teaching both undergraduates and post graduates.

Keywords: Coronary Artery; Left Coronary Artery; Right Coronary Artery; Coronary Artery Anomalies; Circumflex Artery. 

Dermatoglyphics deals with study of ridge pattern which includes finger prints, foot prints lip prints etc. Finger prints proved their uniqueness in identification. Studies indicate that similar trends in finger prints run in families. Major patterns of finger prints show inheritance. This paper deals with relationship between major finger print patterns among parents and off spring.

Keywords: Finger Prints; Arches; Loops; Whorls. 

Background: The foramen ovale is present in spenoid bone which transmits the mandibular nerve, accessory meningeal artery, emissary vein and the lesser petrosal nerve. The most predominant location of foramen ovale is in the infratemporal surface of greater wing of the spenoid bone posterior and lateral to the foramen rotundum and lateral to the lingual and posterior end of the carotid groove. It lies close to the upper end of the posterior margin of the lateral pterygoid plate. The Foramen ovale is situated at the transition zone between intracranial and extracranial structures. Therefore, it is used in various surgical as well as diagnostic procedures. Materials and Methods: A total 350 skulls were used for this study. The skulls were collected with I MBBS student from different medical institutions in south India. The following measurements were recorded. Maximum length and width of foramen ovale was measured. Variation in right and left side and sex difference in length and width were calculated, the variations in shape also recorded. Results: The mean value of length of left foramen ovale is 9.5±1.92mm and right was 9.1±1.77mm. The maximum length was 12.1mm at left side and it was 11.9mm on right. The mean width was 4.1±0.92mm on right side and it was 3.9±1.01mm on left side. The shape of foramen ovale was ovale in 79% of skulls, almond in 18.28% of skulls and round was 2.57% of skulls. Conclusion: the findings of present study conclude that there is no significant difference between sizes of right and left side foramen ovale and found that between male and female foramen ovale sizes also not shown any significance difference. The knowledge of foramen ovale morphometric observations has practical significance to both neurosurgical and functional cranial neuroanatomy.

Keywords: Foramen Ovale; Foramen Rotendum; Base of Skull; Spenoid Bone. 

The hila and the adjacent pre-hilar area of seventy-two (35 right and 37 left) kidneys isolated from formalin fixed cadavers were examined. Subsequently, the total number of tributaries emerging from renal hilum to form main renal vein were studied and the variations in them were observed. Thereafter, we calculate and compare our results with similar studies conducted in the past. This information is of importance for surgeons performing nephron sparing surgeries and performing renal transplant operations.

Keywords: Renal Vein; Renal Artery; Renal Transplant Surgery; Hilum. 

Context: In case of gall bladder disease the surgeon can efficiently handle the case if he is aware of the variations of the extra hepatic biliary apparatus without which the prognosis is unwelcome. Aims: The aim of the study is to study the volume, periotoneal relations & variations in the external morphology of the gall bladder, the knowledge of which is important for imaging of gall bladder and surgical procedures on gall bladder such as cholecystectomy and laproscopy surgery. Settings and Design: It was an observational study. The observations were made on following parameters – Capacity (Volume), morphological variations, peritoneal investment of the gall bladder, Relation of the fundus of gall bladder to the anterior margin of the liver. Methods and Material: The study was conducted on 100 gall bladders obtained from dissection of abdomen of formalin fixed cadavers . The specimen of gall bladder was observed for morphological variations on the visceral surface of the liver in the gall bladder fossa. Statistical Analysis used: Percentage for various parameters was calculated. Results: In 80% of the cases the capacity of gall bladder was ranging from 40 to 75ml. In 75% of cases the peritoneal investment on the non hepatic surface was 2/3rd to 3/4th. In 57% of cases the fundus was inframarginal & one case of bilobed gall bladder was observed. Conclusions: The gall bladder shows variations which the radiologists and the operating surgeons should keep at the back of their mind while imaging and operating for good surgical outcomes.

Keywords: Gall Bladder; Peritoneal Relations; Volume; Fundus; Marginal. 

Introduction: A detailed knowledge of the extensor tendons’ anatomy is essentialfor understanding the consequences of tendon injuryat various levels. Extensor tendon injuries can cause serious functional impairment but have not received the attention in the literature as flexor tendon injuries.This study focuses on the variant pattern of the chief extensor tendons on the dorsum of hand. This study also throws light on the the relatively rare extensor digitorum brevis manus, a supernumerarymuscle in the fourth extensor compartment of thedorsum of the wrist. Materials & Methods: 25 upper limbs (13 right and 12 left) of adult cadavers of unknownage and sex, collected from the dissection room at the Anatomy Department, P.K. Das Institute of Medical Sciences, Vaniamkulam, Palakkad were examined to study the basic arrangement of the extensor tendons of the fingers and to determine the presence of variations of these tendons. Results: The number of ED tendons varied from 3 to 8. The incidence of 4 tendons (36%) was the commonest pattern observed in the present study, followed by 5 tendons for ED (20%) and 4 tendons for ED (16%). A single tendon for Extensor digitiminimi was observed in 23 limbs (92%), while the muscle was absent in 2 specimens (8%). The extensor indicis exhibited a single tendon in all the cases. The APL muscle and tendonwere found in all specimens. EPL & EPB were found in all specimens. Two accessory muscles were observed in the dorsum of the hand which were identified asextensordigitorum brevis manus. Discussion: The highest number of variations were observed for the tendons of Extensor Digitorum, the number of tendons ranging from 3 to 8. Extensor digitorum brevis manus muscle was observed in two specimens.The variations observed in the present work, could be due to the variable changes the extensor limb myotomespass through, during ontological development; regression, retention, or reappearance.

Keywords: Extensor; Pollicis; Digitorum; Digitiminimi; Indicis; Tendons; Anatomical; Variations; Digitorum Brevis Manus. 

Background and Objectives: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine disorders affecting almost 6% of the world’s population. The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus is rapidly increasing as a result of population ageing, urbanization and associated lifestyle changes. The present study was to identify patterns of dermal ridges on finger tips and palms in Diabetics and non Diabetics which will be helpful in predicting the onset of Diabetes Mellitus in early detection programme. Source of data: The present study was carried out on 80 Diabetic patients in S.S. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Davangere which was compared with 80 normal healthy individuals. Method: The palm prints and finger prints of patients and controls were taken by INK Method as described by CUMMINS and MIDLO. The Parameters like arches, loops, whorls, patterns in interdigital areas and ‘atd’ angle in both hands were noted. Results: Arch patterns were significantly reduced in the finger tips of diabetics, with no significant difference in the mean counts of ulnar & radial loops between diabetics & controls. However whorl pattern was found to be significantly decreased in Diabetics when compared to controls. The frequency of patterns in interdigital areas I3 was increased where as decreased in I2 & I5 in diabetics significantly. The atd angle was increased in diabetics when compared to controls which were statistically insignificant.

Keywords: Dermatoglyphics; Diabetes Mellitus; Arches; Whorls; Loops; atd Angle. 

Introduction: The dimensions of the foramen magnum are clinically important because vital structures passing through it may endure compression such as in cases of foramen magnum herniation, foramen magnum meningiomas and foramen magnum achondroplasia.The current studyamined to measure the anteroposterior diameter, transverse diameter, area and index of foramen magnum in adult Indian skulls. Materials and Method: The present study was carried out on foramen magnum of 55 dry adult skulls of known sex (36 male skulls and 19 female skulls) from bone library of department of Anatomy, GMC Aurangabad. The anteroposterior diameter and transverse diameter of foramen magnum were measured using digital vernier caliper. Area and index of foramen magnum were calculated using both diameters. Results: The mean value of anteroposterior diameter in males was 34.99 mm whereas that in females was 33.75mm.Also, The mean value of transverse diameter in males was 28.53 mm whereas that in females was 27.41mm.The mean area of foramen magnum was 765 Sq.mm.in males and 728 Sq mm. in females. The index of foramen magnum was 81.79 in males and 81.39 in females. Conclusion: The anteroposterior and transverse diameters, area and index of foramen magnum of male skulls were greater than females. This study of the morphometric analysis of foramen magnum will be helpful to anatomists, anaesthetists, radiologists and neurosurgeons and anthropologists.

Keywords: Foramen Magnum; Skulls; Morphometric analysis. 

Background: The subject of Anatomy is taught to undergraduate students primarily using traditional teaching learning methods like lectures and small group tutorials. These methods do not involve the students actively in the teaching learning process to a very great extent. Seminars prepared and presented by students are an example of collaborative learning which is student centred and promotes active learning leading to a better comprehension of the subject. Aim: The present study was undertaken with the aim of promoting the practice of active learning in undergraduate medical students. Methodology: Groups of students presented seminars in the presence of the entire class and faculty with help of using audiovisual media, models, charts, videos and skits. Observations: Student feedback was gathered taken pertaining to various aspects of seminars using a questionnaire having a 3 point Likert scale and by asking open ended questions. Conclusions: The findings of this project suggest that group seminars presented by students are an effective way to inculcate the practice of active learning amongst students. Besides motivating students towards self directed study, seminars also improve other desirable attributes like communication skills, teamwork, improved use of audiovisual aids and lead to a better student teacher interaction.

Keywords: Active Learning; Seminars. 

Background: Coronary ostia are the openings in the aortic sinus from which the coronary arteries arise. Coronary ostia may be situated at variable levels in the aortic sinus, at or below the sinutubular junction and also in the tubular part of ascending aorta. Knowledge of location of coronary ostia is essential is helpful in determining the blood flow in coronary vessels. Purpose of the study: Knowledge of coronary ostia is important, as procedures like coronary angiograms, angioplasty, bypass graftings and coronary artery stentings are becoming common.Accurate knowledge of coronary ostia is important for aortic graft repair or root replacement. Results: A total of 50 hearts were studied. Among them all 50 right coronary artery (RCA) arose from the anterior aortic sinus, 43 of left coronary artery (LCA) from left posterior aortic sinus and 7 LCA from right posterior aortic sinus. In 1 heart there was 2 openings in the anterior aortic sinus. 70% of RCA and 66% of LCA were below sinu tubular junction, 6% of RCA and 10% of LCA were at the sinu tubular junction, 24% of RCA and 24% of LCA were above sinu tubular junction. The width of right coronary ostia (RCO) was 2.90+1.1 and left coronary ostia (LCO) was 3.2+0.88.The distance of RCO from the bottom of sinus is 12.41+2.82 an LCO is 12.32+2.77. The mean distance of RCO from commissures of right side is 9.5 and from the left side 12.39 and that of LCO from commissures of right side is 10.8 and from left side 11.8 respectively. Conclusion: Due to the recent advances in coronary artery by pass grafts and modern methods of myocardial revascularisation a thorough knowledge of the morphology and morphometric analysis of coronary ostia is essential.

Keywords: Coronary Ostia; Sinutubular Junction; Commissures; Coronary Angiograms. 

Age of union of epiphysis is an important objective method of age determination which is a difficult task for medico-legal person. However, this age varies with racial, geographic, climatic and various other factors. Because of this, many authors suggested need of separate standards of ossification for separate region. As no such standards were available for Maharashtra, present study aimed to study ages of epiphyseal union around pelvis, a rarely studied region. Present study was a cross sectional study. It was performed in total 400 healthy subjects having ages from 13 to 23 years and length of residence in Maharashtra more than 10 years. Chronological age upto the day of examination was determined and A-P view of pelvis was taken in each case. Age of union of epiphyses of iliac crest, ischial tuberosity, head of femur and greater trochanter was determined using criteria of union and compared with the other authors from other states of India and also with other countries and found to vary appreciably.

Keywords: Epiphysis; Hip Joint; Femur; Iliac Crest; Greater Trochanter. 

The extra hepatic biliary apparatus usually shows anatomical variations. These variations are not noticed normally. They are commonly encountered during surgery or any radiological investigation. So the present study was carried out to determine the external morphology of gall bladder in 40 liver and gallbladder specimens obtained from 10% formalin fixed cadavers from dissection hall. In present study, most common shape of gall bladder was Pear shape (67.5%), the average length and max. transverse diameter were found to be 6.75cm and 3.05cm respectively. Maximum length of gall bladder range between 4.5 – 8 cm,out of which 52.5 % gall bladder range between 6.6–8 cm. Maximum transverse diameter of gallbladder range between 2–5 cm, out of which, 45% of gall bladder range between 2–3 cm.

Keywords: Gall Bladder; Morphology; Extra Hepatic Biliary Apparatus. 

Background: Practically the height of the medial longitudinal arch provides acceptable outlook of the arch-height. Aim: Aimed to know inter-relationship of the radiological standing arch-heights with the arch-index for correlation and regression so that from the later we can derive the radiographical standing arch-height values indirectly, avoiding the actual maneuver. Materials and Methods: 90 subjectsstanding x-rays of foot, linear distance of the centre of the heel (say the point K) and the tip of the second toe (axis of the foot) (say the point J) was measuredfor standing navicular, talar heights were measured, and ‘normalised’ with the foot length. Results: The arch-index showed significant negative correlationsand simple linear regressions with standing navicular height, standing talar height as well asstanding normalised navicular and talar heights analysed in both sexes separately. Conclusion: Since arch-index is a time-tested reliable parameter for estimation of arch height so itself can be used regularly for measuring.

Keywords: Arch-Index; Standingnavicular Heights; Standing Talar Heights. 

Background: Third common palmar digital nerve / third carpal digital nerve (TCDN) has been described as the most commonly injured digital nerve during carpal tunnel release (CTR). Anatomic variations of the origin and course of the TCDN from the median nerve may place this structure at risk. Anatomic landmarks may be useful to predict the location of the TCDN to minimize the risk for injury to this structure during CTR. Aim: TO study the anatomy, landmarks and variations of origin and course of TCDN from median nerve. Material and Methods: THE study comprised of 30 upper limbs from 15 cadavers. TCDN in them were dissected using classical incisions given in Cunninghams’ manual. Results: Type 1 TCDN origin was found in 33.33%, type 2 origins was found in 67% and type 3 origin was found in 10% cases. Mean distance of origin of TCDN was 5.9 mm distal to cardinal line and 23 mm proximal to cardinal line. As TCDN course distally, its trajectory compared with oblique vector denotes, in 60% cases TCDN runs along vector, in 36.67% cases nerve runs medial to oblique vector and in 3.33% cases nerve runs lateral to vector. Conclusion: Study of anatomy, landmarks and variations of origin and course of TCDN from median nerve may be helpful to predict location of TCDN to minimize risk of injury to TCDN during CTR.

Keywords: Third Carpal Digital Nerve; Superficial Palmar Arch; Carpal Tunnel. 

Introduction: Estimation of stature has been found to have important role in anthropometry and forensic medicine. Stature is a very valuable measure of race. It is another unit character of greater value than skin color because there are extreme variations in human height. In present study an attempt has made to evaluate the anthropometric relationship between stature with that of lengths of tibia. Objectives: To evaluate the length of tibia in Indore population and to derive regression equation Materials & Methods: This study has been carried out in the Department of Anatomy, medical institute. Out of 180 healthy individuals; 90 males and 90 females of individuals in Maharashtra, with age ranging from 19 to 24 years. Results: There is positive correlation between length and stature of tibia Conclusion: It is observed and concluded that stature of an individual can be estimated with the help of anthropometric measurement of tibia.

Keywords: Maharashtra; Stature; Tibia. 

Background and objectives: Profunda femoris artery (PFA) and its branches are known to have wide range of variations. The objective of this study was to report the variations in site of origin, level of origin of profunda femoris artery and variations in origin of medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries. Methodology: In a descriptive cadaveric study, 64 lower limb specimens of 32 cadavers were studied (27 males and 5 females). After dissecting the femoral triangle, profunda femoris artery origin, distance from inguinal ligament, medial and lateral circumflex arteries were noted. Results: Out of 32 cadavers (64 specimens), PFA was arising from the posterolateral aspect of femoral artery in front of iliacus in 33 specimens. In 13 specimens it PFA was arising from lateral side of femoral artery. Mean distance in normal origin of PFA from femoral artery was 33±7 mm from inguinal ligament.Only in two specimens, PFA was originating above femoral artery above inguinal ligament. In 49 specimens (76.6%), circumflex arteries were arising separately from PFA. Only in two cases medial, lateral circumflex arteries and PFA was arising from common trunk, forming trifurcation of PFA. Conclusion: Profunda femoris artery most commonly arises below the inguinal ligament and posterolateral to femoral artery. Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries most commonly arise as separate branches from PFA. This study may be useful for surgeons working in the upper part of thigh either during hip surgeries or during treatment of ischemic lower limb revascularization.

Keywords: Deep Femoral Artery; Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery; Lateral Circumflex Femoral Artery; Variations. 

Introduction: Out of different variations in axilla, the most understood is a muscular or fibromuscular slip known as Axillary Arch Muscle. Different studies have shown presence of this muscle having incidence of 7-8%. Material and Method: The present study was conducted in Department of Anatomy, Dr. D.Y.Patil Medical College, Kolhapur, and Maharashtra. Result: The axillary arch was found unilaterally in two cadavers (one male and one female) and bilaterally in two female cadavers. All the 6 arches arose from the anterior border of the latissimus dorsi muscle, crossed over the neurovascular bundle in the axilla and inserted to the fascia covering the deep surface of pectoralis major or on inferior surface of clavicle. In Female cadaver found on left side, the axillary arch muscle was compression the axillary vein. The axillary vein showed dilatation proximally with narrowing at the site of crossing of the axillary arch muscle while distally the vein showed normal calibre. Very interesting Arch was noted in male cadaver of 58 years. Unilateral on left side Axillary Arch muscle was seen along with variation in Posterior cord of brachial plexus. Axillary Arch muscle is more common in female group. Conclusion: There is increase in number of females suffering from Carcinoma of Mammary gland, so it is need of the time oncosurgeons, plastic surgeons and radiologist know the details of this muscle. This muscle variant can lead to compression of vessels also nerves, so it is very important to understand signs and symptoms of the same.

Keywords: Axillary Arch; Axillary Vein; Posterior Cord. 

Many a times Forensic Experts are asked to identify the person from dismembered part of the body and skeletal remains by the Investigating Officer. If the whole skeleton is available it becomes easy for identification, but the problem arises when only dismembered part of the body, few bones or single bone is available. In identification stature is primary characteristic along with age and sex. The present study is carried out in J.J.M. Medical College, Davangere, Karnataka. Total 100 students (50 males and 50 females) are randomly selected. The height of the students and length of both right and left hand of each student is measured by the same observer and with the same instrument. In this study we formulated the Regression Equation for estimation of stature from right and left hand length for males and females separately. Co-efficient correlation of height with hand length is also calculated. The results of the present study indicate that the hand length can be efficiently used for estimation of stature.

Keywords: Stature Estimation; Hand Length; Regression Equation. 

Aims and Objectives: To analyze morphometrically the length of posterior horn of normal lateral ventrical of human brain and to study, if any, sex difference and/ or side difference in the length. Material and Methods: Five hundred (500) normal CT scans of patients in the age group of 20-79 years were taken. The study group included 250 males and 250 females. Length of posterior horn of right lateral ventricle in millimeters were taken from trigone to the end of posterior horn on both sides. Results: The data analysis showed that the length of posterior horns were found to be more in males and on left side. Conclusion: The present study defined the length of posterior horn of lateral ventricles of brain by CT which could have clinical correlations in diagnosis, treatment and management of neurological conditions.

Keywords: Posterior Horn; Lateral Ventricle. 

Inferior venacava also known as posterior venacava,is the large vein that carries de-oxygenated  blood from the lower half of the body into the right atrium of the heart. Double Inferior venacava is a congenital variation resulting from the persistence of the embryonic venous system. The embryogenesis of the inferior venacava [IVC] is a complex process involving the formation of several anastomoses between three paired embryonic veins. The percentage of incidence of dual inferior venacava is about 2.2–3%. The majority of cases are clinically silent and diagnosed in routine dissection studies, in retroperitoneal surgeries, incidentally on imaging for other reasons. Although venous variations are rare, their knowledge is crucial in diagnosis and treatment. Aims: The aim of the present study was to analyse the percentage of incidence of double inferior venacava and to identify its clinical relevance. Materials and Methods: Forty formalin fixed cadavers allotted to first year MBBS students for dissection in Rajarajeshwari Medical college and hospital, Bangalore and ESIC Medical college & PGIMSR, Bangalore were studied over a period of 10 years for the double inferior venacava. Results: We came across the presence of double inferior venacava in one out of forty specimens, where in Right IVC was formed by right external iliac vein and right internal iliac vein at the level of fifth lumbar vertebra. The right IVC received the right gonadal vein, right renal vein and the right suprarenal vein [ Figure 2]. The left IVC was formed by the left internal iliac vein and the left external iliac vein at the level of fifth lumbar vertebra. Conclusion: The variations of IVC should be recognized by radiologists and surgeons in order to avoid mistakes during imaging of the area or surgeries and in case of venous thromboembolic disease. These variations should not be mistaken for pathologic findings, but should be viewed as normal findings of abnormal embryogenesis.

Keywords: Inferior Venacava (IVC); Double Inferior Venacava; Venous Variation; Embryonic Venous System; Embryogenesis; Retroperitoneal Surgeries. 

Context: The knee joint is a complex synovial joint. It is subjected to considerable loads in locomotion and hence the joint is highly unstable and prone for injuries and degeneration particularly during ageing. This may require knee replacement and internal fixation. The various dimensions and area of knee components are very essential during placement of prosthesis. Hence, the study on dimensions of condyles and intercondylar region of Femur is taken up to provide useful information. Aims: To measure various dimensions of condyles and intercondylar region of femur in Wayanad population. Settings and Design: Sixty seven (38-left and 29-right) adult fully ossified femur were collected from the department and were properly labeled. Vernier caliper, thread, paper to record observations were kept ready. Methods and Materials: Various dimensions of the Lower end of Femur were measured using Vernier caliper. Statistical Analysis Used: Mean, SD was calculated from data using the SPSS software version 16. Results: Results obtained for right and left femur were as follows. Left: Mean ±SD of Intercondylar depth-2.94±0.42cm; Area of medial condyle-15.021±2.354cm2; Area of lateral condyle-14.880±2.29cm2 and Intercondylar area-3.853±0.954 cm2. Right: Mean±SD of Intercondylar depth-2.83± 0.31cm; area of medial condyle 14.359±2.4cm2; area of lateral condyle 15.026±2.549cm2 and Intercondylar area 4.193±1.011 cm2. Conclusion: This study gives various dimensions of condyles and intercondylar regions of Femur which will of great significance to anatomists, anthropologists and orthopedicians in cases of surgical procedures for implantation of prosthesis in knee joint.

Keywords: Condyle; Femur; Intercondylar Region; Prosthesis. 

 Central sulcus is very crucial regarding identification of other sulci on the superolateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere of human brain. Surprisingly, cortical sulci and gyri attracted little attention until the 19th century, when clinical neurology, neuropathology and comparative anatomy start to unveil the complexity and functional significance of the cortical mantle. The central sulcus is of special importance because it separates the main motor and sensory areas of the cerebral cortex. Central sulcus is one of the important sulcus and is often difficult to identify. It begins superiorly on the medial surface approximately midway between the frontal and occipital poles and crossing the superomedial border, extends antero-inferiorly to end just superior to the posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus, 2-3 cm posterior to the origin of the lateral sulcus. Contrary to this usual finding we can say from the present study that central sulcus is continues one and is shifted more posteriorly i.e. behind the 50% area from frontal pole when measured at superomedial border of cerebral hemisphere. Central sulcus may not always cut the superomedial border and may not always be arched by prominent arched gyrus at the posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus.

Keywords: Central Sulcus; Posterior Ramus; Lateral Sulcus; Brain.