Abstract

Air pollution poses a critical threat to global health, particularly impacting the cardiopulmonary system through oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and immune dysregulation. Key pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exacerbate conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cardiovascular diseases. This review examines the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects, highlighting the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammatory mediators, and epigenetic modifications. Additionally, we explore mitigation strategies, including environmental policies, technological advancements in air quality improvement, and personal protective measures. A significant focus is placed on the role of physiotherapy in managing air pollution-related respiratory complications, emphasizing pulmonary rehabilitation techniques, breathing exercises, and airway clearance strategies. Understanding these mechanisms and interventions is crucial for developing comprehensive public health policies and clinical guidelines aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality associated with air pollution exposure. By integrating molecular research with preventive and therapeutic approaches, we can enhance patient outcomes and reduce the burden of air pollution-related diseases.

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