Abstract

Jeevaka identified as Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach. is a very important Ayurvedic drug originating in Himalayan region. Its pseudobulb is usedethno medicinally as tonic and aphrodisiac in Indian, Chinese etc. traditional medicine. In Ayurveda, it is used as a rejuvenative, spermatogenic and strength promoting drug and used in various important formulation. Due to its high demand it has become rare drug now a day; hence substituted and adulterated with various other drugs. Tissue culture studies using leaf, pseudo bulb and seeds are successful in this plant. Various studies like physico-chemical, phytochemical, have been conducted regarding the wild, cultivated and marketed samples. These results have shownsignificant differences in them. The major component found was 3'-O-Methylbatatasin III. It has been shown a good antioxidant and anti-microbial, analgesic and inflammatory activity. Also the drug was found non-toxic in animal studies.

• 1.   The Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India (Part-I, Volume-V). Delhi-110054, India: The controller of publication, Government of India, Ministry of health and family welfare, Department of AYUSH; 2006.
• 2.   http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ kew-48806; Retrieved on 08-06-2018.
• 3.   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepidium; Retrieved on 06-12-2018.
• 4.   Pearce NR., Cribb PJ. The Orchids of Bhutan. Royal Botanical Garden Edinburg. 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburg EH3 5LR and the Royal Government of Bhutan; 2002.
• 5.   http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/ slides/Jeevak.html; Retrieved on 25-12-2018.
• 6.   Adhikari MK, Shakya DM, Kayastha M, Barala SR, Subedi MN. Medicinal Plants of Nepal (Revised) Bulletin of the Department of Plant Resources No. 28. Thapathali, Kathmadu, Nepal: Government of Nepal, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Department of Plant resources; 2007.
• 7.   Pande PC, Tiwari L, Pande HC. Folk-Medicine and Aromatic Plants of Uttaranchal. Dehradun, Uttarakhand: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh; 2006.
• 8.   Pande PC, Tiwari L, Pande HC. Folk-Medicine and Aromatic Plants of Uttaranchal. Dehradun, Uttarakhand: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh; 2006.
• 9.   Maharjan, R., Kumar, S. P., Priyanka, S., Kumar, M. M., & Mysore, P. N. Morphological Characterization of Jeevaka Through Synonyms: A Unique Approach of Ayurveda. Indian Journal of Ancient Medicine and Yoga, 5.
• 10.   http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx? flora_id=2 & taxon_id=250092617; Retrieved on 09-06-2018.
• 11.   Shrestha KK, Bhattarai S, Bhandari P. Handbook of Flowering Plants in Nepal. Daryagunj, Delhi : Scientific Publishers; 2018.
• 12.   Lohani N, Tewari LM, Joshi GC, Kumar R, Kishori K, Upreti BM. Population assessment and threat categorization of Endangered orchid. International Journal of Conservation Science. 2013; 4(4): 483-490.
• 13.   Raizada MB, Naithani HB, Saxena HO. Orchids of Mussoorie. New Connaught Place, Dehradoon: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh;1981.
• 14.   Lohani N, Tewari LM, Joshi GC, Kumar R, Kishori K, Upreti BM. Population assessment and threat categorization of Endangered orchid. International Journal of Conservation Science. 2013; 4(4): 483-490.
• 15.   Lavekar GS, Padhi MM, Joseph GVR. Healing Herbs of Himalaya. Janakpuri, New Delhi, India: Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha; 2008.
• 16.   Pearce NR., Cribb PJ. The Orchids of Bhutan. Royal Botanical Garden Edinburg. 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburg EH3 5LR and the Royal Government of Bhutan; 2002.
• 17.   Mehra, P.N., Kashyap, S.K. (1984). Cytological Observations on Some West Himalayan Orchids Tribe: Epidendreae II (Subtribes: Liparidinae, Oberoniinae, Dendrobiinae). Cytologia, 49: 597-611.
• 18.   Hossain MM. Traditional therapeutics uses of Indigenous orchids of Bangladesh. Medicinal and Aromatic plant sciences and biotechology. 2009; 3( 1): 100-106.
• 19.   Jalal JS, Kumar P, Pangtey YPS. Ethnomedicinal Orchids of Uttarakhand, Western Himalaya. Ethnobotanical Leaflets. 2008; 12:1227-30.
• 20.   Pande PC, Tiwari L, Pande HC. Folk-Medicine and Aromatic Plants of Uttaranchal. Dehradun, Uttarakhand: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh; 2006.
• 21.   Raghavan GV. Comprehensive Medicinal Plants Volume 4. Houston, Texas, USA: Studium Press, LLC; 2013.
• 22.   Maharjan, R., Kumar, M. M., & Mysore, P. N. History of Jivaka in Ayurvedic Nighantus (6th Century to 20th Century). Indian Journal of Ancient Medicine and Yoga. 2023;16(4): 185–188.
• 23.   Mishra B,Vaishya R. Bhavaprakasha nighantu, Part I. Varanasi, India: Chaukhamba Sanskrit bhavan; 2012.
• 24.   Maharjan, R., Kumar, S. P., Priyanka, S., Kumar, M. M., & Mysore, P. N. Morphological CharacterizationofJeevakaThroughSynonyms: A Unique Approach of Ayurveda. Indian Journal of Ancient Medicine and Yoga.2019;12(1):5–8.
• 25.   Sharma A, Rao ChV, Tiwari RK, Shankar K, Tyagi LK, Kori ML. Comparative Study on Physicochemical Variation of Microstylis wallichii: A Drug Used in Ayurveda. Academic Journal of Plant Sciences. 2008; 2(1): 04-08.
• 26.   Adams JS, Thiruppathi SK, Muthuraman G, Majeed A. Distribution, morphology, anatomy and histochemistry of Crepidium acuminatum. Modern Phytomorphology. 2018;12(10):15-20.
• 27.   Uma, E., Rajendran, R., Muthukumar, T. Morphology, anatomy and mycotrophy of pseudobulb and subterranean organs in Eulophia epidendraea and Malaxis acuminata (Epidendroidea, Orchidaceae). Flora; 2015. 217:14-23.
• 28.   Anonymous. Review on Indian Medicinal Plants, Volume 15, Ma-Me. New Delhi, India: Indian Council of Medical Research; 2016.
• 29.   Chinmay R, Kumari S, Bishnupriya D, RC M, Renu D. Phyto-pharmacognostical Studies of two endangered species of Malaxis (Jeevak and Risbhaka). Pharmacognosy Journal; 2011. 3(26).
• 30.   Sharma A, Rao ChV, Tiwari RK, Tyagi LK, Kori ML, Shanker K. Comparitive Study on Physicochemical variation of Microstylis wallichii: A Drug Used in Ayurveda. Academic Journal of Plant Sciences; 2009. 2(1):4-8.
• 31.   The Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India (Part-I, Volume-V). Delhi-110054, India: The controller of publication, Government of India, Ministry of health and family welfare, Department of AYUSH; 2006.
• 32.   Gupta AK, Tandon N, Sharma M.Quality standards of Indian Medicinal plants. New Delhi, India: Indian Council of Medical Research; 2005.
• 33.   Rastogi RP(Ed.), Mehrotra BN. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants Volume2 (1970-1979). Lucknow, Uttarpradesh, India: Central Drug Research Institute; 1979.
• 34.   Rastogi RP(Ed.), Mehrotra BN. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants Volume 3 (1980-1984). Lucknow, Uttarpradesh, India: Central Drug Research Institute; 1984.
• 35.   Arora M, Mahajan A, Sembi JK. Essential oils analysis of pseudobulbs of Crepidium acuminatum (D.Don) Szlach. by GC-MS. Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences. 2017; 4(3):198-204.
• 36.   Lohani N, Tewari LM, Joshi GC, Kumar R, Kishor K, Upreti BM. Chemical composition of Microstylis wallichii Lindl. from Western Himalaya. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2013; 7(31): 2289-2292.
• 37.   Kaushika P, Dhiman AK. Medicinal Plants and Raw Drugs of India. Dehradun, Uttarakhand: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh; 2000.
• 38.   Ashish. Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical studies of some plants of Astavarga w.s.r to Jivak, Rishbhak, Meda and Mahamed. Rishikul Ayurveda Campus, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India; 2018.
• 39.   Pullaia T, Krishnamurthy KV, Bahadur B. Ethnobotany of India, Volume 4: Western and Central Himalayas. [Internet]. Oakville, Canada: Apple Academic. 2018 [cited 2018 Dec 25]. Available from:from https://books.google. co.in/books; Retrived on 25-12-2018.
• 40.   Pandey K., Singha AN (Ed.) Gunaratnamala. Rep. ed.Varanasi, India: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Bhavana; 2006.
• 41.   Mishra B, Vaishya R. Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Part I. Varanasi, India: Chaukhambha Sanskrit bhavan; 2012.
• 42.   Kumari, A., Tewari P.V. (Ed. and Ts.) (2010). Yogaratnakar. Varanasi, India: Chowkhamba Visvabharati.
• 43.   Bansal P, Virk JK, Kumar S, Singh R. Lack of Pharmacological Basis of Substitution of an Endangered Plant group ''Astawarga''-A Significant Ingredient of Polyherbal Formulations. American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics. 2015; 3(12): 690-712.
• 44.   Singh, V.K., Govil, J.N., Singh G., Recent progress in Medicinal Plants Volume I, Ethno medicine and Pharmacognosy. Texas, Houston, USA: Sci Tech Publishing; 2002.
• 45.   Bansal P, Virk JK, Kumar S, Singh R. Lack of Pharmacological Basis of Substitution of an Endangered Plant group ''Astawarga''-A Significant Ingredient of Polyherbal Formulations. American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics. 2015; 3(12): 690-712.
• 46.   Arora M, Kaur G., Kahlon PS. Mahajan A, Sembi JK. Pharmacognostic Evaluation & Antimicrobial Activity of Endangered Ethnomedicinal Plant Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) szlach. Pharmacognosy Journal. 2017; 9(6): 56-63.
• 47.   Garg P, Aggarwal P, Sharma P, Sharma S. Antioxidant Activity of the Butanol extract of Malaxis acuminata (Jeevak). Journal of Pharmacy Research. 2012; 5(5), 2888-2889.
• 48.   Bharal A, Kashyap M, Sohpal VK, Sembi JK. Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of terrestrial orchids collected from northern Himalayas against Human pathogen. International Journal of Bioassays. 2014; 3 (06), 3036-3039.
• 49.   Arora M, Kaur G, Kahlon PS, Mahajan A, Sembi JK. Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Antimicrobialactivity of Endangered Ethnomedicinal Plant Crepidium acuminatum (D.Don) Szlach. Pharmacognosy Journal. 2017; 9(6): 56-63.
• 50.   Sharma A, Reddy GD, Rao Ch V, Kaushik A, Shanker K, Tiwari RK. Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Carissa carandas Linn fruits and Microstylis wallichii Lindl. Tubers.Natural Product Sciences. 2007; 13(1): 6-10.
• 51.   Kaur S, Bhutani KK. Micropropagation of Malaxis acuminata D. Don: A Rare Orchid of High Therapeutic Value. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 2009;1(2): 29-33.
• 52.   Bhandari S, Bisht S, Bisht NS. In vitro propagation in Malaxis acuminata D.Don using pseudobulb explants. Biotechnology. 2011; 5 (5):286-289.
• 53.   Deb CR, Arenmongla T. Development of Cost Effective In Vitro Regeneration Protocol of Malaxis acuminata D.Don a Therapeutically Important Orchid Using Pseudobulbs as Explant Source. Journal of Plant Studies.2014; 3(2).
• 54.   Arenmongla T, Deb CR. Germination of immature embroys and multiplication of Malaxis acuminata D.Don, an endangered therapeutically important orchid, by asymbiotic culture in vitro. Indian Journal of Biotechnology. 2012; 11. 464-469.
• 55.   TemperatePlantsDatabase,KenFern.temperate. theferns.info. 2018-12-25. ; Retrieved on 25-12-2018).
• 56.   http://www.dbtindia.nic.in/biotech-waysfor-propagation-of-new-pop-of-diverse-flora/; Retrieved on 25-12-2018.
• 57.   Tamta BP, Sharma AK, Puni L, Singh A. Propagation and Conservation of Endangered orchid Microstylis Wallichii Syn Malaxis acuminata (Jeevak) in its Natural Habitats of Uttarakhand Himalayas''. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology. 2015; 4(2): 424-432.
• 58.   Sharma A, Rao ChV, Tiwari RK, Shankar K, Tyagi LK, Kori ML. Comparative Study on Physicochemical Variation of Microstylis wallichii: A Drug Used in Ayurveda. Academic Journal of Plant Sciences. 2008; 2(1): 04-08.
• 59.   Chinmay R, Kumari S, Bishnupriya D, RC M, Renu D. Phyto-pharmacognostical Studies of two endangered species of Malaxis (Jeevak and Risbhaka). Pharmacognosy Journal; 2011. 3(26)

Data Sharing Statement

Funding