Abstract

This study highlights the role of epigenetic processes as a key mechanism in the regulation and origin of neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurodevelopmental disorders encompass a different range of conditions that emerge while the developmental stage, marked by deficits in cognitive abilities or social interactions. Epigenetics plays a crucial role in gene regulation through chemical changes of DNA and histone proteins, which package the DNA. This regulation firstly involves DNA methylation and histone modifications, influencing chromatin structure and gene expression. The failure of this mechanism can cause various congenital disorders, some of which are discussed in this review like autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Attention/Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Genomic imprinting disorder, Cerebral Palsy (CP) and Intellectual disability disorders (IDDs). Thus, it summarizes the current association between epigenetics and the given disorders. Epigenetic modification in the genome are highly susceptible to environmental influences, including malnutrition, exposure to chemicals, and psychological stress, particularly during early development. Additionally, endocrine-disrupting chemicals can alter epigenetic patterns and gene expression, potentially contributing to conditions like autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This highlights the role of epigenetic mechanisms in neurodevelopment throughout life and their impact on both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. By focussing on these aspects, this study aims to bring attention towards the environmental cues, their influence on epigenetics and the variance occurrence of congenital disorders.

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