Abstract

Background: The repeated use of cooking oil, especially for deep-frying, is a widespread practice in India due to cost constraints and low public awareness. However, this practice leads to the formation of harmful compounds such as trans fats, free radicals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which pose serious health risks. To systematically review the health implications of using reheated cooking oil and to explore current practices, regulatory frameworks, and dissuasive measures for its prevention in India. Methods and Material: A review-based observational study focusing on literature and policy analysis related to used cooking oil (UCO) usage in Indian households and food business operators (FBOs). A comprehensive literature review was conducted to evaluating peer-reviewed articles, policy documents, and national reports on the health effects of UCO and its use patterns in India. Descriptive analysis of qualitative and quantitative findings from secondary data sources was undertaken. Results: Reheated oil contributes to severe health problems including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, hypertension, and metabolic disorders. Approximately 60% of UCO in India re-enters the food chain. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) & Repurpose Used Cooking Oil (RUCO) initiative and regulatory limits on Total Polar Compounds (TPC) offer promising control mechanisms but face implementation challenges. Conclusions: The reuse of cooking oil is a silent but serious public health threat. Strengthening grassroots awareness, enforcing regulatory compliance, and promoting sustainable disposal alternatives like biofuel conversion are essential to safeguard public health.

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