Jerrin V. Toms Dental Surgeon, Lady Willingdon Hospital (Mission Hospital), Manali, Himachal Pradesh, India
Bini Toms Senior Regional Director & Student of PGDMI IGNOU Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Address for correspondence: Jerrin V. Toms, Dental Surgeon, Lady Willingdon Hospital (Mission Hospital), Manali, Himachal Pradesh, India E-mail: jerrinvt2324@gmail.com
This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.
Jerrin V. Toms, Bini Toms. A Look at the use of Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry through an Ethical Lens. Ind J
Dent Educ. 2025; 18(3): 111-119.
Timeline
Received : July 30, 2025
Accepted : September 05, 2025
Published : December 30, 2025
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing various fields, including dentistry, by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, treatment planning and patient care. However, the authors try to reason that as AI technology becomes more integrated into dental practices, it becomes extremely important to examine its ethical implications
through the lens of the four core tenets of ethics: autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice. Thus, this paper attempts to study the relationship between scientific advancements, particularly AI and ethical principles in the context of dental patient care. The authors discuss that striking a balance between technological advancements and maintaining empathetic, patient-centred care is crucial to preserving the human
element in dentistry. In other words, AI can drive meaningful progress in dentistry only when its deployment is governed by ethical safeguards. Finally, the paper calls for a thoughtful, ethical approach to integrating AI into dental practices to maximize its benefits while mitigating potential harms.
References
1. Liu, Y., and Zhang, Z., (2019). Workflow management in healthcare: The role of prototype systems in administrative functions. Healthcare Management Review, 44(2), 158-166.
2. Zhang, Y., and Zhang, J., (2020). AI-driven systems in dental radiology: Improving diagnostic accuracy and workflow management. Journal of Digital Imaging and Diagnostics, 28(5), 320-328.
3. Topol, Eric. J., (2019). Deep Medicine: How Artificial Intelligence Can Make Healthcare Human Again. Published by, Basic Books, March 12, 2019 (New York), xiii + 378 pages, includes illustrations.
4. Schwendicke, F., Samek, W., and Krois, J., (2020). Artificial intelligence in dentistry: Chances and challenges. Journal of Dental Research, 99(7), 769–774.
5. Kim, Y., Park, J.H., and Jeong, H.G., (2022). Diagnostic accuracy of AI-based caries detection in paediatric populations: A comparative study. Journal of Dentistry for Children, 89(1), 23–30.
6. Hallikainen D., (1996). History of Panoramic Radiography. Acta Radiol. 1996;37(3):441–5.
7. Goaz P.W., and White, S.C., (1987). Oral radiology and principles of interpretation, in Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques. Ed 2, St. Louis, 1987: Mosby; [history of film and panoramic Xray] elsevier-elibrary.com
8. Shah, N., Bansal, N., Logani, A., (2014) “Recent advances in imaging technologies in dentistry.” World J Radiol. 2014; 6(10): 794–807.
9. Molteni, R., 2021. The way we were (and how we got here): fifty years of technology changes in dental and maxillofacial radiology. Dentomaxillofacial Radiolog, 2021, Volume 50, Issue 1, Article: 20200133, doi: 10.1259/ dmfr.20200133, PMID: 32525697, via PMC (published 2021).
10. Jayatissa P., and Hewapathirane R., (2023). A review of dental informatics: current trends and future directions. Submitted 29 June 2023. Journal reference: Dental Research: An International Journal (DRIJ), Vol. 5, No. 1 (2023). 11. Malpe, M., et al. (2014). Applications of teledentistry: A literature review and update. PubMed. 2014 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
12. V K, B KR, PD MK. Performance of Artificial Intelligence in Diagnosing Dental Caries: An Umbrella Review. Oral Sphere J. Dent. Health Sci. 2025;1(2):80-94. doi: 10.63150/osjdhs.2025.5
13. Aboulfotouh, M.A., and Gohary, M.M., (2020). Artificial intelligence in dental radiology: A review. Journal of Oral Radiology, 36(2), 67-74.
14. Mørch, C. M., Holm, I., and Schwendicke, F., (2021). Artificial intelligence in dentistry: A scoping review. Journal of Dental Research, 100(9), 880–887.
15. Lee, J.H., Kim, D.H., Jeong, S.N., and Choi, S.H., (2020). Detection and diagnosis of dental caries using a deep learning-based convolutional neural network algorithm. Journal of Dentistry, 77, 106-111
16. Ramezani, K., and Tofangchiha M., 2022. Oral Cancer Screening by Artificial Intelligence Oriented Interpretation of Optical Coherence Tomography Images. Radiology Research and Practice, 2022; 2022: 1614838.
17. Deo, P.K., and Patel, S., (2021). Machine learning and artificial intelligence in orthodontics: Insights into treatment planning using Invisalign. Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research, 24(6), 452-460.
18. Kaur, A., and Mehra, P., (2022). Advancements in AI and its role in orthodontic treatment planning: A review of Invisalign’s technological innovations. Journal of Digital Dentistry, 11(2), 113-121.
19. Vasquez, G., and Chen, X., (2020). Streamlining dental practice operations with AI chatbots: Benefits and challenges. International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer-Assisted Surgery, 16(3), 212-218.
20. Harrison, J.B., and Lee, D., (2022). Chatbots in dental care: Enhancing communication and clinic efficiency through AI technology. Journal of Dental Practice Technology, 25(6), 305-312.
21. Kim, H.J., and Lee, M.S., (2021). Ethical dilemmas in AI-based diagnostics in dental practice: Risks of depersonalization and bias. Dental Ethics and Practice Review, 19(1), 62-69.
22. Kumar, V., and Verma, S., (2020). AI applications in dental education: The role of simulation platforms like DentSim in skill development and assessment. Journal of Technology in Dental Education, 12(5), 198-205.
23. Ghosh, S., and Dubey, N., (2022). Enhancing dental training with AI-driven virtual simulations: Evaluating hand skills in preclinical education. Journal of Medical Education and Training, 36(4), 243-250.
24. Beauchamp, T.L., and Childress, J. F., (2013). Principles of Biomedical Ethics (7th ed.). Oxford University Press.
25. Tschandl, P., Rinner, C., Apalla, Z., Argenziano, G., Codella, N., Halpern, A., and Kittler, H., (2020). Human–computer collaboration for skin cancer recognition. Nature Medicine, 26(8), 1229–1234.
26. Vargas, A., and Ferraro, F., (2021). Implementing Explainable AI in clinical dentistry software for improved decisionmaking and patient trust. Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Dental Education, 17(2), 109-118.
27. Overjet (2023). AI for dental radiograph interpretation: Clinical performance white paper. Retrieved from https://www.overjet.com
28. Almeida, J.A., and Andrade, J.S., (2021). Integrating artificial intelligence in periodontal disease detection and management: A review of systems and prototypes. International Journal of Dental Sciences, 45(3), 129-137.
29. Lee, J., and Patel, V., (2020). AI and social justice in healthcare: The implications of proprietary AI systems on healthcare equity. Journal of Health Informatics Research, 9(4), 245-252.
30. WHO and ITU (2021). World Health Organization (WHO), and International Telecommunication Union (ITU). (2021). Ethics and governance of artificial intelligence for health. Geneva: WHO Press.
31. Wang, Z., and Liu, L., (2020). Artificial intelligence in dental practices: The need for a robust ethical framework. Journal of Dental Policy and Law, 14(1), 31-39.
32. Alkhalil, A., and Alghamdi, A., (2021). Ethical considerations in the use of artificial intelligence in dentistry: Balancing innovation and patient trust. Journal of Dental Ethics and Education, 34(6), 123-130.
Data Sharing Statement
There are no additional data available. All raw data and code are available upon request.
Funding
This research received no funding.
Author Contributions
All authors contributed significantly to the work and approve its publication.
Ethics Declaration
This article does not involve any human or animal subjects, and therefore does not require ethics approval.
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our gratitude to the patients, their families, and all those who have contributed to this study.
Conflicts of Interest
No conflicts of interest.
About this article
Cite this article
Jerrin V. Toms, Bini Toms. A Look at the use of Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry through an Ethical Lens. Ind J
Dent Educ. 2025; 18(3): 111-119.
This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.
This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.