Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry

The demand for animal products in the market is increasing day by day to fulfill the needs of ever growing human population. Failure to meet up public demand and the desire of making a quick profit makes the farmer adopt unfair means such as indiscriminate use of drugs on animals and not maintaining withdrawal period. This, however, is very crucial from human health point of view for those who rely on animal proteins in their diet. The residue present in the food may impart a mild allergic reaction to serious anaphylaxis in the consumers. The presence of drug residue in the food chain may also challenges the researchers or physicians by developing resistance.

Keywords: Animal products; Withdrawal period; Human health; Anaphylaxis; Resistance 

Introduction: Acute diarrhoea is defined as an abnormally frequent discharge of semisolid or fluid faecal matter from bowel, lasting less than 14 days. Enteropathogens that cause diarrhoea may affect physiology of gut in different ways. By modifying equilibrium of water and electrolytes, they can induce different types of diarrhoea. The aim of this study was to assess prescribing pattern of antibiotics, rehydration therapy, zinc and Probiotics in diarrhoea in children below 5 years of age and to see incidence of antibiotic associated diarrhoea. Materials and methods: This was a prospective observational and analytical study which was carried out in paediatrics department after obtaining permission from Institutional Ethics Committee. About 100 prescriptions were analysed during the study period of 2 months. All the patients of age between 0- 5 years suffering from any type of diarrhoea and who were prescribed different drugs were included in the study. Patients were grouped into those, receiving rehydration therapy with zinc and Probiotics, only rehydration therapy and antibiotics, only rehydration therapy, only antibiotics and only zinc and Probiotics. Results depicted in the form of tables and Figures. Microsoft word and excel are used to generate figures and tables. Observations and Results: Out of 100 children with diarrhoea, 60 received both rehydration therapy, zinc and Probiotics, 20 received only rehydration therapy and 10 received only antibiotics and 5 received rehydration therapy and antibiotics and 5 received only zinc and Probiotics, findings of this study showed that prescriptions of antibiotics in diarrhoea were adhering to the guidelines. All prescriptions of zinc salts were considered as rational as per IAP and WHO guidelines. Conclusion: Findings of this study suggested that a relatively rational approach to oral rehydration therapy, antimicrobials and zinc salts, some of the recommendations that may be made based on this study include reducing polypharmacy and empirical prescribing, use of routine examination and culture of stool and precise reporting of adverse drug reactions.

Keywords: Antibiotics; Probiotics; Zinc; rehydration therapy; Antibiotic associated diarrhoea.  

Twelve complexes derived from thiobarbituric acid with Cu, Zn, Co, Fe, Cd and Ni have been prepared and analyzed in the mole ratios 1:1,1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 (M : L). They were characterized by elemental analysis, UV-Vis, IR, 1H-NMR, ESR for Copper complexes, Magnetic Susceptibility and Thermal Analysis (TGA, DTA). The biological activities of thiobarbituric acid and its complexes which are tested against staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) bacteria, Esherichia coli (Gram negative) bacteria and Candida albicans fungi. The results showed that some of the tested compounds have a well considerable activity against the tested microorganisms. The data of MIC showed that Cu (II) complexes were the most effective antibacterial and antifungal agents compared to the other complexes. 

Keyword: Thiobarbituric acid; Biological Activity; ESR; Magnetic Susceptibility; IR; MIC. 

Bacterial samples were collected from consecutive diabetic patients with foot wounds at the Vascular Surgery Unit and the Diabetic Foot Unit of Alexandria Main University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University. Samples isolated, purified and identified using the conventional methods including colony morphology, Gram stain and biochemical tests. Three different chitosans were prepared from chitin of 3 different sources (crab, shrimp and squilla) and tested against diabetic foot isolates. Shrimp chitosan showed maximum activity against bothGram- ositive and Gram-negative bacteria. Three nucleic acid derivatives (Barbital, Barbituric acid and Thiobarbituric acid) and 14 nucleic acid metal complexes (Cu-Barbital, Fe-Barbital, Cu-FeBarbital, Zn-Barbital, Co-Barbituric acid, Cu-FeBarbituric acid, Fe-Barbituric acid, Ni-Barbituric acid, Hg-Thiobarbituric acid, Pd-Thiobarbituric acid, CoThiouracil, Hg-Thiouracil, Co-Guanine and Cu-FeGuanine) were tested against diabetic foot isolates. The three ligands “Barbital, Barbituric acid and Thiobarbituric acid” showed low resistance against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Shigella sonnei compared with its complexes which showed high resistance. The metal complexes showed more activity than the ligands for both Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria. Best 6 nucleic acid metal complexes showed the most activity for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were chosen and then undergone combination tests with chitosans. 

Keywords: Chitosans; Nucleic acids; Complexes; Bacterial samples; Biochemical reactions; Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria.  

Background: This study was carried out to assess the efficacy of epidural Fentanyl as intraoperative and postoperative analgesia when used along with bupivacaine epidurally. Materials and Methods: After taking the informed consent, 100 patients of ASA Grade 1 and 2 scheduled for elective lower abdominal or lower limb surgeries were randomly allocated into one of these two groups of 50 each. Group 1 patients received 15 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine by epidural route followed by 3 ml of boluses of bupivacaine after every 5 minutes if required till T10 level was achieved before start of surgery. Group 2 received 15 ml of bupivacaine with 1-2 µgm/kg of body weight fentanyl by epidural route followed by 3 ml of boluses of bupivacaine after every 5 minutes if required till T10 level was achieved before start of surgery. Both the groups were demographically similar and did not differ in term of pre-operative hemodynamics and mean duration of surgery. Patients were monitored for pain relief by VAS score and also hemodynamic and respiratory parameters were monitored both intraoperatively and for 3 hours in post-operative period. Results: The onset and maximum upper level of analgesia in Group 2 was statistically significant. The duration of analgesia in group 1 was less than group 2 and was found to be statistically significant. The mean of VAS in group 1 was 49.20±18.61 and in group 2 was 27.40±23.80 and this was found to be statistically significant. The sedation score was found to be statistically significant in group 2. Conclusion: Epidural fentanyl when added with epidural bupivacaine improves the quality, onset and duration of analgesia without causing any increase in intraoperative and post-operative complications.

Keywords: Epidural; Post-operative analgesia; Fentanyl; Bupivacaine.