Journal of Clinical Forensic Sciences

Escitalopram is the therapeutically active S-enantiomer of RS-citalopram, a commonly prescribed SSRI. The R-enantiomer is essentially pharmacologically inactive. Escitalopram is used for the treatment for major depressive disorder (MMD) and also an anxiety disorder. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). The drug enhances the activity of serotonin in the central nerves system. It has high selective inhibitor of serotonin and transporter protein. It process the rapid onset of the antidepressant and it effective and generally well tolerated treatment for MMD disorder. Significant difference can be seen between escitalopram and placebo and changes in the scores after 24 weeks of treatment. In this review paper, the HPTLC, is a simple, rapid, and accurate technique. This method is used to established and validated for simultaneous analysis of the escitalopram oxalate.

Diatoms are unique and single celled algae belonging to the family Bacillariophyceae. They are the rarest found algae in the water. Diatom plays important role in the prognosis of deathin drowning. Diatom present in tissue indicates the sign of drowning. The utility of diatom for the identification of death cases due to drowning was discussed soon after they were found inlungexudates. For diagnosis of diatom, hard bone and soft tissue of dead bodies found in water are often sent to Forensic Science Laboratories. Dissolution of evidence is not very difficult but the complete removal of these diatoms frustules from the evidence needs great care, protection, more attention, and expertise. During analyze of drowning cases a connection between the diatomextracted from the tissue sample and the sample obtained from the put at ivedrowning medium has to be confirmed for the successful resolution of the drowning site. As aresult a proper procedure for the extraction of diatom from the tissue and water evidence to keep away from even minor contamination. Diatom examination has been suggested to provide supportive evidence of drowning. The same type of diatoms is found in almost similarty pes of water bodies. Significant changes in diatom diversity were found with seasonal changes. The quantitative distribution of diatoms in water sources is strongly assisted by climatic conditions.

The field of forensic science deals with the analysis of a large number of evidence (namely biological, chemical physical and other materials respectively) via application of various methods ranging from preliminary to confirmatory testing. The use of these methods may sometimes poses serious challenges in front of forensic scientists while analyzing these evidence in the laboratory which leads to non-detectability of the desired substance and thereby incompetency in reporting the results. The present article is a short review highlighted the common reasons responsible for incompetency in reporting of such cases along with some suggestive measures.

Child maltreatment is a global concern as it has serious lifelong consequences. It has been observed that exposure to violence and abuse is daily occurrence for many children throughout the world. Nurses are the first contact in health care system, who routinely encounter children and their families. The forensic nurses play a major role in identifying abuse and neglect. She also take active part in documenting the findings which is collected by her, which can act as most important tools to build a good case against abusive, neglectful parents, guardians and caregivers. Nurses should take role in preventive strategies for child abuse, so that it offers best opportunity to identify at risk children, improve health and prevent exposures to violence and abuse. An understanding of child maltreatment helps nurses to identify child maltreatment, implements target care and refer children and families appropriate resources

Energy drinks are beverages that typically contain ingredients such as caffeine, taurine, B vitamins, guarana, and other stimulants and are often carbonated. The primary active ingredient in energy drinks is caffeine. Though these drinks have been marketed as ergogenic products which can enhance physical and cognitive performances (temporary boost in energy level), results of several studies show that due to presence of high caffeine content, their excessive consumption can lead to caffeine overdose or toxicity which includes a range of adverse effects such as tachycardia, heart palpitations, high blood pressure, anxiety, dehydration, digestive issues, disrupted sleep patterns which can lead to further health risks and in severe cases, even cardiac arrhythmias or seizures. High levels of sugar and acids in these drinks even lead to dental problems. The combination of caffeine and other stimulant ingredients in energy drinks can pose a risk and can potentially lead to cardiovascular problems, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity and behavioral & psychological issues. It is therefore advised that these drinks should be consumed with caution while taking certain medications or alcohol. The stimulant effects of energy drinks can interact negatively with some medications, such as certain antidepressants or stimulant medications. Combining energy drinks with alcohol can mask the depressant effects of alcohol, leading to excessive alcohol consumption and potentially risky behavior. While energy drinks are not extensively studied within forensic science, their potential toxicity, their use as markers of consumption patterns, susceptibility to adulteration, and risk of contamination make them relevant in specific forensic contexts. Forensic analysis of energy drink ingredients can provide insights into their quality, composition, and compliance with regulatory standards. By employing scientific techniques, food forensic scientists can ensure the authenticity, safety, and compliance of energy drinks in the marketplace.

There is an impressive diversity on suicidal methods, and reports of rare cases are numerous. The authors present here two cases with self-inflicted lethal wound to the neck. The cervical region and its structures are highly susceptible to life-threatening injuries, and hanging is a notorious method of suicide.However, the cases presented here are unusual due to some factors. The first one used an elastic thread that served as a tourniquet when wrapped around the neck. The second one selfinflicted a deep wound cutting through the right carotid artery, jugular vein and paratracheal structures, with several hesitating marks being visible as well.