Indian Journal of Waste Management

The better agricultural planning can be based on the knowledge of the changing trend as well as the future rain scenario. In view of finding the trend of climatological parameters such as maximum and minimum temperature by using Mann Kendall test of trend analysis could be of importance in view of finding out the changing trend will help us to plan in better way for cropping system, harvesting time, etc. The future scenario will give us idea about the availability of resources, hence resulting into planning for sustainable development. Using Mann-Kendall test, trends of historical data were found out. Historical data used were of 34 years (1971-2004) of Pune station.

An agro climatic study was conducted at Tal. Ralegoan Dist. Yavatmal Vidharvha region of Maharashtra using database of 20 years (1998-2017) to assess the climatic water balance. The analysis of water balance components done on weekly basis. The average annual rainfall for Akola estimated as 796.44 mm. more than 30 mm rainfall 24 SMW to 38 SMW, more than 40 mm rainfall week during 28 SMW to 36 SMW and 50 mm rainfall occurrence in 29 SMW to 32 SMW. The highest PET was observed in 20 SMW weeks that is 54.11 mm and the lowest was observed in 1 SMW week i.e. 24.2 mm. The weekly total AET was recorded as 580.88 mm for period 1998 to 2017. The highest ATE was 28.4 mm during 30 SMW weeks and lowest was 0.05 mm during 21 SMW. The annual deficit determined as 1284.29 mm. SMI > 0.5 was found to occur during the period from 27 SMW to 40 SMW. The annual effective rainfall was found 577.42 mm during period of 1998 to 2017. The highest effective period of rainfall found in June to July month and weak at 22 to 42 SMW.

Under average rainfall condition, the period during which AET was greater than 25% of PET prevailed from 24 to 46 SMW, whereas the period during which AET more than 50% of PET existed during the period from 24 to 42 SMW

Objectives: I Assessment i. Assess the existing practices of waste management system in selected villages. ii. Explore the current reusable energy sources, recycling products and byproducts. iii. Identify the waste disposal reached points and check the environmental health hazards. iv. Survey and screen the health hazards illness of people and prepare the report. v. Provide and refer the health care services based on needs and problems. vi. Write report regarding the needs and issues in selected villages of Punjab state.

Methods & Materials: Qualitative approach of Observational field notes was used to assess the current practices of villages of Khumna and Khanian. The investigator interviewed Sarpanch (Panchayat President) with translator of Punjabi of each village, with Panchayat President Approval.

Results: The researcher visited the villages and interacted with people and the details is narrated with photographs of Khumna. The village have open drainage system and few places obstructed the drainage, mosquitoes breeding may be for long times happened. People are managing with mosquitoes repellents with cow dung smoke at evening in their house premises to control and prevent health issues. The waste disposable is in road side dumping or the spaces anywhere throwing are the real practices existing; there are no facilities to follow waste management of using different dust bins for disposable and regular collecting waste and in different streets. No sanitary workers and other Government schemes of benefits not reached to this village. This village has Primary school and Primary Health Centre for their use. In this village cattle’s are living around 300. The cow dung used for manure and dry cow dung named Guhara for fuel use. This village is practicing open drainage system and maintaining somewhat cleanliness. Sanitary worker arranged by their own to disposable of waste in weekly 2 or 3 times. The villagers are paying money for sanitary worker who is residing from the same village.When the observation of waste disposable, the road side dumping is commonly seen and plastics wastes are found everywhere in village. It is affecting the cultivating land, pollution of air and water sources.

Discussion: The investigator observed the village practices of Waste Management with check list of current waste management system and Drainage facility of the 2 villages. There is no appropriate waste and re use management system and open drainage system is existing and road side dumping is regular practice of this two villages. Based on observation a basic equipments of Wet Composter Machines, Plastic Scrab Grinder Machine and Municipality Solid Waste Plant is required for a village to keep clean. For all equipments to keep and function on a unit of minimum 2400 square feet is required for shelter of each village.

Conclusion: Eco friendly models for basic equipment of wet composting, plastic scrap grinder machine, municipality solid waste trommel plant and plan of construction unit to install equipment, manpower requirements and the cost of implementation of each equipment described in brief. If once the unit establishes it may collaborate with available Government existing sanitary workers to continue the unit as permanent salary basis. The use of TWaRUM and EFEM the sanitary workers, families children they will follow right practice of segregating waste disposable for long time, it will continue throughout their life time. The Government will implement such a system in all the villages, cities in India to maintain good waste management system.

Background: In a hospital, hazardous substances such as body fluids, drugs, cleaning fluids and other chemicals are in very close proximity to hundreds of people each day. Thus, in hospital spillage of blood, body fluids or chemicals can occur at any time due to broken or faulty equipment or human error. Any such spill poses risk to the staff, visitors and patients who are extremely susceptible to infection. Occupational spill exposure continues to be the major worldwide public health problem, despite advances in our understanding and control of these infections.

Objectives:

1. To assess knowledge regarding hospital spill exposure management among staff nurses.

2. To identify the knowledge of staff nurses regarding hospital spill exposure management.

3.To determine the correlation between level of knowledge and effect of demonstration among staff nurses regarding hospital spill exposure management.

Material and method: Quantitative quasi experimental one group pre and post-test. Setting of the study: Hospital staff nurses.

Result: From the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that the demonstration programme regarding knowledge on spill management among staff nurses was effective to improve the level of knowledge on spill management.

Conclusion: From the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that the demonstration programme regarding knowledge on spill management among staff nurses was effective to improve the level of knowledge on spill management.

We come across in text, a number of terms such as National, World, Cultural, Historical, Food heritage, Heritage studies, Heritage science etc. Heritage buildings of a nation represents its past and culture. In Kashmir, Srinagar city with more than 1200 years of urban history is famous for its rich cultural. In this paper, we discuss famous hazratbal mosque also known as Dargah Sharif which is having intriguing history, its religious, social and economic Significance. It is one of the holiest Shrine of Muslims in Kashmir valley, located around 8 km from the Srinagar city centre, on the bank of famous Dal Lake, Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir region. In this paper on the basis of available information and field surveys, we discuss religious, social, economic significance of Dargah Hazratbal and conservation issues.