Indian Journal of Waste Management

Plastic derives its name from the Greek term ‘Plastics’ which means capable of being shaped or mounded. The inventor of plastics never known the time of his invention the impact of plastics in the entire Earth. It is one of important primary need of people in day today life for all purpose using in different types of plastics materials. Plastics productions are more and more and appropriate disposable is troubling issues. Re usable of plastics products also not effective and byproducts of plastics can reusable of new plastic products and value of worth of money never aware by the people. The alternative commercial products for plastics manufacturing is very less and expensive to avail for use. There is no alternative for every products of plastics. It is developing field and trying to adopt few traditional practices such as leaf plates, mud glass and other newer products are trials for regular use. The entire Earth is filled as multilayered plastic sheets it affects the ground water, surface water and pollute the environment and health of living beings. For immediate step to prevent the worsen of plastic accumulation is reuse of plastics. Change the practice to use plastic plates and cups in daily life. Use of individual plate, glass, cloth/tissue piece or a small towel to wipe in each use and multi folded jute bag for purchase. Plan to use plastic containers and other products to reuse for daily needs to avoid the pollution and fossil fuel change the climates.

Background: Lack of adequate knowledge regarding bio-medical waste management leads to health risks as well as environment apprehension. Proper handling and disposal of bio-medical waste is therefore very important. The present study aimed to assess the knowledge and practice of bio-medical waste management among the health care personnel in selected primary health care centers in Lucknow. Methods: This was a Cross-Sectional study conducted among health care personnel working at the Primary Health Centres. A total of 89 health care personnel comprising of doctors, nurses, health workers, laboratory technicians, pharmacists and class IV workers were interviewed with a pre-designed and pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Results: About 35.0% of the staff nurses, 56.2% of paramedical staff and none of the class IV workers had complete knowledge about colour coding and segregation of bio medical waste. As compared to other health care personal, only 18.8% of class IV workers had heard about universal precautions, while 45.4% were concerned about needle stick injury. None of the class IV workers had ever received training for BMW management. Proportion of staff nurses, paramedical staff and class IV immunized for Hep B Vaccine was 50%, 21.8% and 9.1% respectively. Conclusions: The study revealed lack of knowledge and awareness about bio-medical waste management amongst primary healthcare workers which results in inadequate handling and management, thereby exposing them as well as the general public to health and environmental hazards. Design: A literature review. Material and Method: PubMed, Researchgate, Google scholar database were used to search the literature, Studies were included only if the data on biomedical waste management.

Cauliflower is a reach source of vitamin B and protein and is a main horticultural crop. Its production can be increased by application of irrigation water with required quantity at right time by right method. Irrigation scheduling, considering crop water requirement, plays a vital role in crop production. The microsprinkler irrigation was used for water application to cauliflower and the treatments were based on different microsprinkler spacings i.e. 8m × 8m (T1 ), 7m × 7m (T2 ), 6m × 6m (T3 ), 5m × 5m (T4 ), 4m × 4m (T5 ) and 3m × 3m (T6 ). The water depth applied in T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 , T5 and T6 was 17.1, 18.2, 19.9, 22.1, 26.6 and 32.9 cm, respectively. The cauliflower yield obtained in T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 , T5 and T6 was 22.82, 23.80, 28.13, 31.70, 29.00 and 26.40 tonne/ha, respectively. The maximum water use efficiency, 1.43 tonne/ha-cm, was recorded in T4 . Based on Uniformity Coefficient (UCC), depth of water application ( x ) and actual yield (Y), the production of cauliflower can be predicted as Y = –200.531 + 4.083 x + 0.0081 x 2 {1 + 1.570 (1- UCC/100)2 }.