Indian Journal of Anatomy

 The aim of this short communication article was to highlight the role of altered nerve blood flow as a patho-anatomical manifestation in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), a common microvascular complication of globally prevalent metabolic disorder, diabetes mellitus. Limited evidence suggested that higher epineurial blood flow was present in DPN, which indirectly influenced impairments in exerciseinduced nerve conduction increments. Newer methods like Nerve photography and fluorescein angiography provide useful objective information on nerve blood flow in terms of epineurial vessel pathology score, epineurialarteriovenous shunting, nerve fluorescein appearance time and intensity of fluorescence. Treatments using Adenosine and adenosine A2A receptor agonist, and alpha-lipoic acid administration were shown o be beneficial, with dose- ependent effects on nerve blood flow.

Keywords: Neuroanatomy; Vascular Neurology; Epineurial Circulation; Neural Hemodynamics.

 The celiac trunk is a short, wide ventral branch of the abdominal aorta which is only about half an inch long and trifurcates into left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries. The left gastric artery is the smallest and most variable branch of celiac trunk. During the routine dissection of the upper abdominal region of 64 year old male cadaver, we observed that left gastric and right phrenic arteries had a common trunk which originated directly from the right anterolateral aspect of abdominal aorta while the common hepatic artery and splenic artery arose as a common trunk (hepato-splenic trunk) from left anterolateral aspect of abdominal aorta. This variation is clinically important while performing abdominal surgery especially supracolic organs and diagnostic angiography.

Keywords: Left Gastric Artery; Celiac Trunk; Abdominal Aorta; Common Hepatic Artery; Splenic Artery; Inferior Phrenic Artery.

 Physicians and medical students must demonstrate sensitivity, respect, compassion, emotional support, and empathy at all times, to patients and their families. A doctor-patient relationship defines the uniqueness of the medical profession. It can be the most rewarding element of medical practice. But today in this age of technology and cost management, the traditional doctor-patient relationship is eroding. There is a lack of trust between patients’ families and doctors. A number of forces have combined to devalue and diminish this doctor-patient relationship. The attainment of the best professional principles, attitudes, expertise, and conduct, during the transformation of a medical student to a practitioner, begins on the first day of medical college and continues throughout. The need of the hour is to retain the best elements of a doctorpatient relationship, and teach it to medical students. This training must be started as soon as a student enters medical college. Hence a subject called as ‘Bioethics’ has now been introduced into the curriculum. Bioethics education is the best way to achieve the goal of professionalism and it must start in the dissection hall for medical students by taking a ‘Cadaveric Oath’. At the outset of the medical curriculum, it is the cadaver which imparts professional principles, knowledge, conduct and altruistic behaviour to a medical student. Hence cadavers are to be held in high esteem and are to be regarded as not only the ‘first patient’ but also the ‘first teacher’ of a medical student. To appreciate the altruistic behaviour of a cadaveric donor, which is a fundamental component of professionalism, taking a ‘Cadaveric Oath’ becomes an essential part of Bioethics. A ‘Cadaveric Oath’ is a pledge which the students recite on the opening day of Anatomy learning, to respect the dignity and integrity of the human remains that they are about to work on. A cadaveric oath is a unique and essential aspect of the medical curriculum. This paper discusses the current challenges faced by medical professionals and emphasises the relevance of a ‘Cadaveric Oath’ as a part of Bioethics in today’s age of advanced medical technology. The paper also elaborates the contents of a ‘Cadaveric Oath’ and the right method of administering it.

Keywords: Physicians; Medical Students; Patients; Doctor-Patient Relationship; Bioethics; Cadaveric Oath; First Patient; First Teacher.

 The Psoas Minor is a slender Muscle lying on the surface of Psoas Major Muscle. It is functionally a weak muscle that assists Psoas major in flexion of the trunk and vertebral column. The muscle normally arises from the sides of the bodies of twelfth thoracic vertebra and first lumbar vertebra with corresponding intervertebral disc. Materials and Method: The study is conducted on 30 cadavers from the Department of Anatomy J.N. Medical College Belagavi. The Psoas minor muscle was observed from its origin to its insertion. Length and width of the muscle, its fleshy belly and tendon part of the muscle was measured and the observations were tabulated. The normal anatomy and variations of the muscle were noted. Results: In the present study it was observed that the Psoas minor was present in 60% (18/30 cadavers) and absent in 40% (12/30 cadavers). It was observed that the muscle was bilaterally seen in 18 cadavers, and 12 cadavers showed unilateral presence. Conclusion: In the present study, conducted on 30 cadavers, the Psoas minor muscle was observed in 60% of cadavers. It was bilaterally seen in 7 cadavers and unilaterally seen in 5 cadavers. The normal anatomy and variations were noted. In any lower spine surgeries, the normal and variant anatomy of the muscle is important to note, and if neglected can lead to any complications during the surgery.

Keywords: Fleshy & Tendinous Part; Psoas Minor Muscle; Unilateral Muscle.

 Background and Objective: The knowledge of morphometric analysis of the ramus of mandible helps in forensic analysis as well as in several maxilla-facial surgeries. Many studies on linear and angular morphometry of the mandibular body have been conducted, but those on the mandibular ramus have not yet been reported. Our study aimed at doing Morphometric analysis of mandibular ramus. Materials and Methods: Fifty dry adult human mandibles were collected from the collection of the department of Anatomy of Navodaya Medical College, Raichur. The Morphometric analysis of the mandibles was done with vernier calipers. Results: The mandibular ramus was at the same distance from each landmark on both sides demonstrating symmetry. There was no significant difference in the values on the right and left sides of the mandibles. Conclusion: Anatomic knowledge of the morphometry of the ramus of mandible helps us in solving forensic problems as well as in maxilla-facial surgeries.

Keywords: Mandible; Mandibular Condyle; Human; Anatomy; Population.

 The caecum is involved in many surgical conditions such as carcinoma of caecum, lipoma of Caecum and volvulus of caecum. In spite of availability of modern diagnostic investigations, abdominal emergencies diagnosis mainly depends on clinical examination skills of the surgeon, who requires through knowledge of human anatomy; hence the present work is aimed to study the Caecum, its interior and arterial supply. Material and methods: Study includes 78 specimens, the dead foetuses (62) are obtained from labour rooms of the department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Government General Hospital and adult cadavers(16) are from dissection hall, Guntur medical college, Guntur. Results: Position of caecum in fetuses is mostly in the right lumbar region (70.96%) in some it is subhepatic, right iliac fossa and umbilical positions. In adults bodies it is in right iliac fossa 87.5%, and in 12.5% in the right lumbar region. Two fetuses showed Jackson’s veil. In 9.67% of fetal specimens the anterior caecal artery is arising directly from the inferior division of ileo- olic artery and in 1.61% anterior caecal artery is directly arising from ileal artery. In 6.45% fetal specimens, posterior caecal artery is arising directly from inferior division of ileo-colic artery and in 3.22% it is arising directly from ileal artery. In 1.61% it is arising directly from colic artery. Conclusion: The present study of caecum showed variations from the literature available in position and arterial supply. These findings may help the surgeons in avoiding the complications while performing the abdominal surgeries.

Keywords: Caecum; Arterial Supply; Ileo-Caecal Junction.

 Aim: To study glenoid morphology, its anatomical patterns and variations in Mahrashtrian Population to establish possible morphofunctional correlations related to race, geographic region and literature data. Materials and Methods: One hundred scapulae of unknown age and sex were studied. Morphological shapes of the glenoid were evaluated. The various diameters of glenoid cavity were measured. Statistical Analysis was done. Results: In the present study, the mean value of Superior-Inferior diameter (A) of the glenoid cavity on the right side was 40.82 ± 2.88 mm and on the left side was 39.49 ± 2.72 mm. The mean Anterior- osterior glenoid diameter (B) was 22.95 ± 2.06 mm on right side and 21.66 ± 2.08 mm on left side. The mean Anterior-Posterior glenoid diameter (C) was 29.08 ± 2.80 mm on right side and 28.09 ± 2.58 mm on left side. The shapes of glenoid cavities studied were oval [45%], pear shaped [34%] or inverted comma shaped [21%]. Conclusion: Variations in the size and shape of the glenoid cavity observed in the current study will be of great help for orthopaedic surgeons to understand the shoulder pathology better and to decide the proper size of the glenoid component for the shoulder arthroplasty.

Keywords: Morphometric Study; Glenoid Cavity; Scapula.

 The growth of a child is of prime importance to all the parents in the world. Studies on growth and development of children in a community provide important information about the nutritional status of the community. Growth and development are unique in each person with limits of normalcy.

The present study was conducted on early adolescent children of following age groups

i) 9 to 10 years,

ii) 10 to 11 years and

iii) 11 to 12 years.

The subjects selected for study were from the schools selected by random sampling from Rural and Urban areas of Satara District of Maharashtra State. The subjects consist of 1800 males and 1800 females of each age group from both H.I.G. and L.I.G; with total number of subjects are 3600. 

Ten different anthropometric measurements were studied. Written informed consent from parents of subject and ascent of subject were obtained prior to the study. The present study was undertaken with the aim to comprehend the growth Patterns of early adolescent children of 

1. The age group of 9 to12 years.

2. School children belonging to both the genders.

3. Belonging to two different socio-economic strata.

Present study revealed that there is a difference in growth rate between the different age groups i.e. 9 to 10, 10 to 11, 11 to 12 years in the L.I.G. as well as in H.I.G. and there is a significant difference between Males and Females in these age groups and socio-economic groups. In almost all studies we have observed that H.I.G. values are always greater than L.I.G. values in all the age groups. The growth of L.I.G. can be increased up to the growth of H.I.G. with nutritional supplements. The data may be useful to the applicants to understand the growth pattern in school children of age group of 9 to12 years as influenced by the socio-economic factors. 

Keywords: Growth Pattern; Anthropometric Measurements; Early Adolescent Children.

 Major complication of thyroid surgery is recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. Position of terminal branches of inferior thyroid arteries in relation to recurrent laryngeal nerve varies. The artery may lie posterior or anterior to the nerve or the main trunk of the nerve or its branches intermingle with the terminal branches of the inferior thyroid artery. Aim: To study the relation of inferior thyroid artery to recurrent laryngeal nerve. Objectives: To avoid the risk of nerve damage during thyroid surgery, a good knowledge of the variations of the recurrent laryngeal nerve is essential. The present study is an approach to objective to increase the information pool and help the clinicians and surgeons in their practice. Material and Methods: Present study includes total 100 thyroid glands from cadavers, embalmed with 10% formalin of known sex from Medical colleges. Study Periods and Designs: Between years Dec 2012 to Jan 2014. Results: Most common relation on right side was nerve intermingled with artery (NIA) .Least common relation on right side was nerve posterior to artery (NPA). Most common relation on left side is nerve posterior to artery (NPA). Least common relation on left side was nerve intermingled with artery (NIA) . When both sides were considered together, then the most common relation was nerve posterior to artery (NPA). Least common relation was nerve anterior to artery (NAA). Coclusion: If both sides of thyroid gland were consider together (n=200), the most common relation was nerve posterior to artery. Least common relation was nerve anterior to artery.

Keywords: Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve; Thyroid Gland; Inferior Thyroid Artery.

 Plastination of human tissues is one of the techniques that involve preservation by replacing water and liquids with polymers which are subsequently hardened. Luminal cast plastinated specimens are not only suited for our routine anatomical teaching and serve as base images for animation, but also provide excellent source to understand the three dimensional anatomical structure and its variations. The present study is being done to create an awareness of the simple technique with very low cost in preparation of luminal cast plastinated specimens of trachea-bronchial tree using general purpose silicon sealants in sheep lungs. These specimens contribute to our teaching aids to understand the three dimensional concept of trachea- ronchial tree in lungs and also additional information to our existing knowledge to arrive at a diagnosis of various bronchopulmonary anomalies, before any surgical interventions.

Keywords: Plastination; Tracheo-Bronchial Tree; Luminal Cast; Innovative Teaching.

 The superior transverse scapular ligament bridges across suprascapular notch to form a suprascapular foramen which transmits the suprascapular nerve. This ligament is sometimes ossified which may lead to suprascapular nerve entrapment syndrome. In the diagnosis of suprascapular nerve entrapment syndrome, variations in the anatomy of the transverse scapular ligament must be considered as possible etiologic factor.

The aim of this study was to see the incidence of the ossified superior transverse scapular ligament on dried human adult scapulae. 90 dried scapulae from the Anatomy Department of Dr. VMGMC, Solapur were examined. Scapulae with damaged superior border were not considered for the study. Scapulae with ossified superior transverse scapular ligament were recorded.

The anatomical knowledge of ossified superior transverse scapular ligament may be helpful for neurosurgeons and clinicians dealing with suprascapular nerve entrapment neuropathy.

Keywords: Entrapment Syndrome; Superior Transverse Scapular Ligament; Suprascapular Nerve.

 A thorough knowledge of the variations of the renal artery has grown importance with the increasing numbers of renal transplants, vascular reconstructions and various surgical and radiological techniques. The present study was conducted on 30 well embalmed human cadavers during routine dissection to note the normal anatomy and variations of renal artery. Accessory renal arteries in the present study were found in 10 cases (33.3%) and were more frequent on left side i.e. in 7 cases (70%) than on the right side 3 cases (30%). To plan the adequate surgical procedure and to avoid any vascular complication, Multi Detector Computer Tomography (MDCT), angiography and arteriography should be performed prior to surgery (nephrectomy). As the number of renal surgical and radiological interventions increase, a better understanding of the anatomy of renal arteries and their branches gain importance. 

Keywords: Renal Artery; Nephrectomy; Angiography; Arteriography.

 Aims and Objectives: The variations of vessels arising from the aortic arch are numerous. The purpose of this study is the description of the variations on the branching pattern of arch of aorta, in order to offer useful data to anatomists, radiologists, vascular surgeons, neck and thorax surgeons in North Maharashtra subjects, and relating it with embryological basis. Materials and Methods: Sixty Six arches of adult North Maharastrian cadavers were exposed and their branches examined during cadaveric dissection in the Department of Anatomy of MVPS Dr. Vasantrao Pawar Medical College, Nashik and PDDVPFs Medical College Ahemadnager, Maharashtra. Result: In this investigations three-branched aortic arch was found in 59 cadavers (89.39 %); the 5(7.57 %), remaining aortic arch showed only two branches, out of which one was a common trunk, which incorporated the brachiocephalic trunk and left common carotid and other left subclavian artery and 2(3.03 %) aortic arches showed direct arch origin of the left vertebral artery. Conclusion: The accurate information on this is vital for vascular surgery in the thorax, head and neck regions. Although, the variations are usually asymptomatic, they may cause dyspnea, dysphagia, intermittent claudication, misinterpretation of radiological examinations and complications during neck and thorax surgery. These observations are precious while invading the arch of aorta and its branches by instruments, as all areas are susceptible to surgical attack.

Keywords: Thoracic Aorta; Variations; Branches; Vascular Surgery.

 Digit ratio is the ratio of the length of second and fourth digits typically measured from the bottom crease where fingers join the hand, to the tip of the fingers. This ratio is said to be affected by the exposure to the androgens while in womb. In our study digit ratio is used to predict the cognitive ability of the children. Usually 2D: 4D ratio is lower in males than in females implying greater exposure to androgens. In the present study, we found the average 2D: 4D ratio of girls to be 0.94 and boys 0.95 respectively. Hence we are of the opinion that this is just a crude indicator of the cognitive ability in children. Therefore, further research is needed to gain insight in this aspect.

Keywords: Digit Ratio; Androgens; Cognitive Ability.

Digit ratio shows sexual dimorphism and is influenced by oestrogen and testosterone while in womb. This digit ratio can be used as biomarker to know about the age of occurrence of MI. we conducted digit ratio study on 25 men and 25 women both in case and control. In the normal healthy men the average 2D:4D ratio was 0.94 and in women it was 0.95. While in cases we found that 2D:4D ratio in men with MI was 0.98 and that in women it was 0.97 The average age of occurrence of MI was 58 in men and 53 in women. Hence, we are of opinion that digit ratio can be used as an non-invasive and inexpensive biometric screening procedure for early detection of MI.

Keywords: Digit Ratio; Age; Myocardial Infarction.

 The present study was done in the dept. of Anatomy with collaboration of dept.of Orthopedics The aim of study was to compare the effect body mass index on bone mineral density in obese persons.

• Obesity is condition of excvssive body fat that causes several public health problems Body mass index is calculated by height and weight Body Mass Index = Weight in Kg/Height in M2 

• Obesity and osteoporosis are two common complex diseases with multifactorial etiology. Strong positive association between body mass index and bone mineral density is well defined in postmenopausal women but not in men. (Tooth e et al 2005) 

• The present study was conducted on 200 subjects of age above 20 years. The weight and height of each subject was measured with the help of weighing machine and body mass index was calculated by above formula Bone mineral density was obtained with ultra sonographic bone densitometer. The distal end of radius and mid shaft of tibia were the sites used for measuring B.M. D. 

The present study concluded that there is no co- relation between body mass index and bone mineral density and it is statistically significant.  

Keywords: Body Mass Index; Bone Mineral Density.

 Not Provided.