Indian Journal of Anatomy

The aim of this short communication article was to highlight the role of altered nerve blood flow as a patho-anatomical manifestation in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), a common microvascular complication of globally prevalent metabolic disorder, diabetes mellitus. Limited evidence suggested that higher epineurial blood flow was present in DPN, which indirectly influenced impairments in exercise-induced nerve conduction increments. Newer methods like Nerve photography and fluorescein angiography provide useful objective information on nerve blood flow in terms of epineurial vessel pathology score, epineurialarteriovenous shunting, nerve fluorescein appearance time and intensity of fluorescence. Treatments using Adenosine and adenosine A2A receptor agonist, and alpha-lipoic acid administration were shown o be beneficial, with dose-dependent effects on nerve blood flow.

Keywords: Neuroanatomy; Vascular neurology; Epineurial circulation; Neural hemodynamics.

The pentalogy of Fallot is a variant of the more common tetralogy of Fallot, comprising the classical four features with the addition of an atrial septal defect or patent ductus arteriosus.
The five features therefore are:
1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
2. Right ventricular outflow tract narrowing or complete obstruction
3. Right ventricular hypertrophy
4. Over riding aorta
5. Atrial septal defect (ASD).

Keywords: Pentalogy of Fallot; VSD; Right ventricular outflow tract narrowing; Right ventricular hypertrophy; Over riding aorta; ASD.

The highly organized network of human nervous system is well appropriate for the perfect coordination and functioning of the body. Thus, a well studied and thoroughly researched knowledge regarding the anatomy of nerves is highly vital. The brachial plexus formation has been associated with lots of anatomical variations. The present case report describes another variation where musculocutaneous nerve after giving its motor component in the arm is not continuous with its sensory part in the forearm. The motor component of musculocutaneous nerve ends by supplying coracobrachialis muscle whereas the other forearm muscles are innervated directly from the lateral cord and one of these branches is continuous as the sensory component of the normal musculocutaneous nerve named as lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm. In our case report, we also aim to explain the possible developmental mechanisms behind the nerve variations along with their clinical implications.

Keywords: Brachial plexus; Musculocutaneous nerve; Lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm; Median nerve.

Aims: 1. To study the shape and size of normal pituitary gland with respect to both the lobes in all age groups of both genders by studying MRI images of brain. 2. To determine and evaluate mean normal size and shape of normal pituitary gland with relation to age and gender. Setting and Design: For the study MR images all ages were used to characterize the effect of age and sex on pituitary size and shape. All the three dimensions of both the lobes of pituitary gland and stalk were measured using mid sagital and axial MR images. Methods and Material: Images of 160 living subjects (76 females and 84 males) of all ages were used. By using electronic caliper all above mentioned parameters were measured. Statistical Analysis Used: The data was grouped in age group 0-10, 11-20, 21-50, >51 years of both the genders, analyzed by One way ANOVA test, unpaired t-test. For shape of gland percentage and Chi-square test used. Results: The dimensions were steadily increased up to 21-50 years group later decreased. The changes were noted statistically significant. Also significant change in shape. More convex up to 50 yrs then become concave. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the database all age groups, which was its mean size and shape of both lobes of pituitary gland, can apply for clinical evaluation.

Keywords: Pituitary gland; MRI, anterior and posterior lobe; Shape.

Introduction: Malformations of position of ostia and origin of coronary arteries leads to potentially fatal significance unless diagnosed and treated surgically, because the coronary artery, and the myocardium it supplies, is fed with pulmonary rather than systemic blood. The present study aims to establish morphometry and pattern of right coronary artery with a special emphasis on its branching pattern, anastomoses and area of distribution. Material and Methods: The hearts of 25 adult human cadavers comprised the material for the study. The branching pattern of the Right Coronary Artery along with any variation were observed and noted down. Drawing of each artery was made and each specimen was photographed. The data was collected, finalized, analyzed & compared with the available data. Results: The observations from present study show that there is lot of variation in number, site of origin, and area supplied by the RCA. In 10 specimens a third coronary artery was seen arising from anterior aortic sinus just in front of the proper right coronary artery, 21 cases (84%) the posterior interventricular artery was a continuation of right coronary artery. In 21 specimens single conus artery was found out of which in 15 specimen conus artery was seen arising from RCA. In 18 specimens single marginal artery was found. Conclusion: The number of variations seen in branching pattern of RCA it becomes very difficult to assign the normal pattern.

Keywords: Coronary artery; Marginal artery; Conus artery; Variations; Branching pattern.

The study was done to find sexual dimorphism in foot length and to correlate foot length with height and weight. The present study was done on 150 medical college students, 68 males and 42 females of 19-23 year of age. Foot length was determined from foot sketches taken in anatomical position. Height and weight was measured with standard height and weight measuring instrument. It was found that male foot length was proportionately larger than female foot length for given height. There was statistically significant correlation between height and foot length in males and females. Results of present study are helpful for estimation of stature from lower extremity parts and establishing personal identity in forensic sciences.

Keywords: Foot length; Forensic science; Height; Stature; Weight.

Anatomical variations in the branching pattern and distribution of the arteries supplying gut derivatives is very important especially for surgeons undertaking surgeries in the abdominal region. Anatomical variations contribute to the misinterpretation and leads to major postoperative complications. The present study was carried out in 32 adult cadavers (5 females and 27 male cadavers) which were used during routine dissection for undergraduate medical students. The course and branches of all the ventral branches of aorta was traced. Any arterial variation was observed and recorded. Anatomical variations related to the trifurcation of coeliac trunk, origin of the inferior phrenic artery, origin of the left gastric artery, origin of the accessory hepatic artery and the origin of the accessory right colic artery were noted and documented. In two cases, left colic artery was absent and inferior mesenteric artery gave rise to 3-4 sigmoid branches. The present study highlights on the importance of arterial variations in the abdomen which should not be ignored. Hence, the accurate knowledge of such variations is important in carrying out surgical procedures in the abdomen safely and also in the interpretation of angiographic reports.

Keywords: Arteries; Anatomic variation; Abdomen; Aorta; Cadaver.

Background and Objectives: Methotrexate had been used for many years and complications usually encountered during treatment especially in cancer patients.  The aim of the present study was to determine the early-stage anti cytotoxic effects of green tea on the histology of the submandibular gland of rats treated by high single dose of methotrexate. Materials and methods: The study included 30 Albino rats. Twelve animals were used in the pilot study to found the maximum toxic dose, and the other eighteen  were divided into three groups, control group, methotrexate treated group, and methotrexate and green tea extract treated group. Submandibular gland excision was then performed. Histopathological examination was performed with hematoxylin-eosin, Masson’s trichrome, and PAS staining. Cell proliferation was examined using the Ki-67 antibody and anti apoptotic effect was determined based on Bcl-2 staining. Results: In the methotrexate and green tea extract treated group a non significant change in the Ki 67 expression and a significant increase in Bcl- 2 expression were seen in comparison with the methotrexate treated group. Conclusion:   Green tea aqueous extract in ratio 1:10 produced protection against methotrexate induced cytotoxicity in rat submandibular gland by increasing the expression of Bcl-2.

Keywords:  Methotrexate; Salivary gland; Chemotherapy.

Background: The ureters are a pair of thick walled cylindrical tubes which convey urine from the corresponding kidney to the urinary bladder. They descend along the posterior abdominal wall to enter the bladder on its poster inferior surface. Premature division of urethral bud results in double ureter. Duplication of ureter can be incomplete or complete. The term ‘bifid’ ureter is used when it is incomplete. Aims and Objectives: To study the anomalous pattern of ureters and its clinical implications. Materials and Methods: We studied 150 cadavers over a period of 2 years for the presence of anomalies of ureters. Results: We found 2 cases of bifid ureter: in the first case, we found unilateral incomplete double ureter. The duplicated ureters joined with each other in lower part and finally opened in the urinary bladder by a common orifice. In the second case, we got bilateral double ureters. Both the ureters on both the sides opened independently in urinary bladder with 4 separate openings. Conclusion: Double ureter can go unnoticed many times and can give rise to a number of clinical manifestations. Variations are thus important for urological conditions, radiological interpretations and also for surgeries involving renal transplants.

Keywords: Double ureter; Urethral bud; Urinary bladder.

Context: Olecranon fossa in humerus may be perforated. The perforated olecranon fossa, in general is reported associated to the left humerus and humerus of the female sex. Aims: In the present study, it is aimed to find out the occurrence of the perforated olecranon fossa in the humerus. Settings and Designs: Department of Anatomy, International Medical School, Bangalore. Methods and Materials: 44 humerus were available in the institute; out of which, 22 each belonged to the right and left sides. The subjective sex determination could identify 24 as male and 20 as the female humerus. Statistical Analysis: The percentage analysis was done. Results: The perforated olecranon fossa was observed in 17 (38.6%) humerus. Their presence was found to be associated to the left (50%) and the female (50%) humerus. Conclusion: The finding could be of significance, academically for the anatomists and anthropologists and clinically for the radiologists and orthopedic surgeons for the transhumoral approach for the elbow arthroscopy.

Keywords: Perforation; Olecranon fossa; Humerus.

 The placenta is the most important and the only organ between mother and fetus, serving multiple functions endocrinal , respiratory , metabolic and main useful functions. Normal development of a placenta is the one of the important requirements for a healthy pregnancy, regulating fetal growth and fetal health. The objectives of this study were to compare the placental weight with the infant’s weight, to measure the placental diameter and to count the numbers of cotyledons in each placenta. The study was carried out among 240 infant, 102 females and 138 males, delivered at Omdurman new (Alsaudi) and Alshaikh Mohammed Ali Fadol hospitals of obstetrics gynecology. All infants were looked healthy and their weight ranged from 1.85 to 4.18 kg with mean of 3.02. The weight of placenta ranged between 0.35 to 0.77 kg with mean of 0.535 kg. Placental weight in males ranged between 0.35 to 0.75 kg with mean of 0.537 kg. While the female placental weight ranged between 0.4 to 0.77 kg with mean of 0.531 kg. The placental diameter ranged between 15 to 23 cm with mean 18.64 cm. The diameter in males ranged between 16 to 23 cm with mean 18.52 cm. In female was ranged from 15 to 23 cm with mean of 18.81 cm. The mean of cotyledons number was 19 with std. Deviation 1.362 and ranged from 16 to 22. The mean of number in males was 19.17 and ranged from 16 to 22 and in females the mean was 18.88 and ranged from 16 to 22. According to Pearson, Kendall’s Tau b and Spearman’s rho correlations and found that there is a significant relationship between infant weight and placental weight.

Keywords: Placenta; Ccotyledon; Placental weight; Placental diameter; Umbilical cord.