Community and Public Health Nursing

This review article offers a comprehensive exploration of palliative care, an evolving healthcare discipline aimed at enhancing the quality of life for individuals facing life-threatening illnesses. The article delves into the global landscape, revealing a staggering gap between the need and provision of palliative care, particularly in middle-income countries and low-resource settings. Distinct from hospice care, palliative care is discussed as a holistic approach that addresses physical, psychological, social, and spiritual dimensions. The role of healthcare professionals in palliative care is examined, highlighting the existing knowledge gaps and positive attitudes despite disparities. The article emphasizes the importance of dispelling misconceptions surrounding palliative care, with a focus on adults and children, to foster better understanding among healthcare providers and the general public. The core principles of palliative care are outlined, underlining its patient-centered, interdisciplinary, and culturally sensitive nature. Various care settings, from inpatient units to home-based care, are elucidated, along with different types of palliative care spanning primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.

Background: Body image is related to how people thinks and feel about their own body. It relates to person’s perception, feelings and thoughts, about his or her body and is usually conceptualized as incorporating body size estimation, evaluation of body attractiveness, and emotions associated with body shape and size. Objectives 1. To assess the level of knowledge and attitude on body image among college students. 2. To correlate the level of knowledge and attitude. 3. To associate the level of knowledge and attitude on body image among college students with selected socio-personal variables. Research methodology: A Quantitative non experimental research approach and cross sectional analytical research design was used for this study. Consecutive sampling technique was used to select 330 samples. Data collection was done using a self-administered questionnaire to assess the knowledge and 5 point Likert Scale to assess the attitude on body image among college students. Results: The study findings revealed that out of 330 students majority 161 (48.8%) had poor knowledge, 144 (43.6%) of them had average knowledge and 25 (7.6%) of them had good knowledge. With regard to attitude, majority 233 (70.6%) had moderately favorable attitude, 95 (28.8%) of them had favorable attitude and 2 (0.6%) of them had unfavourable attitude. Mean score of college students on level of knowledge regarding body image was 5.60 with SD 2.080. The mean attitude score of college students regarding body image was 50.79 with SD 7.158.

A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples include floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and other geologic processes. A natural disaster can cause loss of life or property damage, and typically leaves some economic damage in its wake, the severity of which depends on the affected population’s resilience, or ability to recover. So the researcher selected a study to assess the effectiveness of information booklet on knowledge regarding Natural Disaster Preparedness among adults. Objectives: • To assess the knowledge regarding natural disaster preparedness among adults (age group of 21-35 year). • To provide information booklet regarding natural disaster preparedness to adults (age group of 21-35 year). • To assess the post-test knowledge regarding natural disaster preparedness among adults (age group of 21-35 year). • To assess the effectiveness of information booklet regarding natural disaster preparedness among adults. • To find out the association between knowledge and selected socio-demographic variables. Aims: To assess the effectiveness of information booklet on knowledge regarding natural disaster preparedness among adults residing in selected area of Bhopal. Settings and Design: Research design adopted for this study one group pre-test and post-test design judge the effects of the treatment by the differences between the pre-test and post test scores without comparing with a control group In this study the investigator selected Indrapuri area of Bhopal. The sample were selected by non- probability convenient sampling technique. The adult’s male and female who are under 21-35 years had selected for the study. Methods and Material: The research approach adopted was Quantitative research approach. Research design was Pre-experimental one group pre-test post-test design. Non probability convenient sampling technique was used in the study. The sample consisted of 60 adults residing in selected area of Bhopal. The tool used for the data collection was structured knowledge questionnaire. Statistical analysis used: • Before the administration of information booklet, only (9) of the participants had good knowledge, (30) of the adult had average knowledge and (21) had poor knowledge. The pre-test mean score was 19.3 and after the administration of information booklet, the post-test mean score was showed 25.2. • The overall mean score of knowledge increased from 19.3 to 25.2. • The post-test mean score of knowledge of 25.2 was comparably more than the pre-test mean score of 19.3 and it was found to be statistically significant (t-value=18.27, p<0.0001) at 0.05 level, i.e. p<0.05. Results: Finding related to the socio demographic variables of adults was found that majority of adults 36.4% aged 21-25year were females, Regarding Majority i.e. 31.7% were High School. In reference to source of information on Natural Disaster Preparedness most of the adults i.e. 35% had heard from Mass media. Finding related to the effectiveness of information booklet on Natural Disaster Preparedness among the adults was found out through paired’ test (t=18.27) at p<0.0001. According to the mean was there was significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge score was increased from 19.3 to 25.2 after administering information booklet. Finding related to the section wise difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge score according to mean there was significant section wise difference between pre-test and post-test. In disaster (section-1) knowledge score increased from 17.6 to 23.3. In earthquake (section-2) knowledge score increased from 16 to 22.4. In flood (section-3) knowledge score increased from 18-23. In tsunami (section-4) knowledge score increased from 18.25 to 23.5. In disaster management (section-5) knowledge score increased from 16.6 to 22.3 after administering the Information Booklet. Conclusions: On the basis of the finding, the investigator concluded that the formation Booklet is significantly effective on improving the knowledge grading Natural Disaster Preparedness among adults. Hence the adults should be encouraged to attend health education programme.

The present study aimed to assess the co-relation between the knowledge and attitude of mothers regarding immunization of children under 5 years of age. The objective of the study were to determine the level of knowledge regarding immunization of children among mothers, to Identify the attitude of mothers regarding immunization of children, to Find out the relationship between knowledge and attitude regarding immunization in children among mothers, to Find out the association of knowledge regarding immunization of children with selected demographic variables, to Find out the association of attitude of mothers regarding immunization with selected demographic variables. The present study adopted a descriptive co-relative design. The sample consisted of 60 mothers under the Keezhmad PHC Aluva. Non probability purposive sampling technique was used for the study. For assessing the knowledge and attitude, a structured questionnaire was developed by the researchers. Data were collected by administering the tool to 60 mothers. The data collected were tabulated and analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The result shows that, majority of mothers 56.7% have an average knowledge regarding the immunization of children under 5 years, whereas 43.3% had only poor knowledge. No one had good knowledge among 60samples, 60 of them have positive attitude towards immunization of children below 5 years of age. No one had negative attitude. There is no correlation between knowledge and attitude of mothers regarding immunization of children below 5 years of age.

An experimental study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme regarding learning disabilities in children among primary school teachers at selected schools of Surat, Gujarat. This study was conducted in Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat. Objectives 1. To assess the knowledge regarding learning disabilities in children among primary school teachers at selected schools of Surat, Gujarat. 2. To evaluate effectiveness of planned teaching programme regarding learning disabilities in children among primary school teachers at selected schools of Surat, Gujarat. Methodology: In this study quantitative research approach and quasi experimental design (one group pre-test post-test design) was used, variable sunder study were planned teaching programme regarding learning disabilities in children as independent variable and knowledge of primary school teachers regarding learning disabilities in children as dependent variable. By using non probability purposive sampling techniques 60 samples were selected who fulfilled the inclusion criteria for sampling. Questionnaire was distributed to participants. Knowledge regarding learning disabilities among primary school teachers was assessed by using self-structured knowledge questionnaire. Analysis and Interpretation: The data were analysed and interpreted in light of objective and hypothesis. The descriptive and inferential statistics in term of mean standard deviation, and paired‘t’ test were used for analysis of data. Theme and difference of knowledge of group was 12.73. In group, the calculated paired ‘t’value of level of knowledge is 24.30 and tabulated‘t’ valueis 2.00. It reveals that the calculated paired ‘t’value is greater than tabulated‘t’ value at 0.05 level of significance. Conclusion: This research study shows that the post test scores are more than pre-test score. Therefore, it can be concluded that planned teaching programme is effective among primary school teachers. Hence research hypothesis is accepted.

One of the leading causes of death and disability in the world today is still stroke. Age and stroke severity are two examples of baseline, non-modifiable characteristics that are traditionally viewed as the most relevant when assessing the difficulty of forecasting stroke prognosis. But certain problems, like haemorrhagic changes or post-stroke infections, might arise after a stroke and have a negative impact on the patient’s prognosis. For doctors to better individualize and enhance stroke therapy, an early prediction or detection of these conditions based on predictive models with clinical data may be helpful. Moreover, these predictive models may be more predictive if biological data—such as genetic polymorphisms or blood biomarkers—are added. In this study, we primarily discuss the various post-stroke consequences that affect the patient’s short- and long-term outcomes at various times in the disease’s natural history, as well as the clinical and biological data that may be helpful in predicting these difficulties.

Background of the study: First aid is a life saving measure which prevent minor injuries from becoming major injuries. Based on health and safety regulations. Objectives: were to assess the level of knowledge on first aid and basic life support of schools’ teachers. And to evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching program on first aid and basic life support among schools’ teachers. Materials and Methods: A quantitative approach with one group pertest and post-test survey design was used to determine the efficiency of first aid and basic life support training on knowledge among teachers. Data was obtained from the school teachers who fulfilled the inclusion criteria using the pertest and post-test. Sample participation was voluntary, complying with the consent procedure, ensuring confidentiality and anonymity. A total of 60 valid responses were obtained. Descriptive statistics were utilized to analyse the frequency and percentage distribution of sociodemographic variables of the trained school teachers. Major findings of the study: Sixty school teachers were studied of which 47 (78.33%) were females, and 13 (21.66%) males, 07 (11.66%) of them were aged between 21 – 30 years, 33 (55%) between 31 – 40 years, and 20 (33.33%) between 41 and above. 60% of the teachers were UAE citizens and 40% were non-UAE citizens. In regard to previous training on first aid and BLS, it was found that 35 (58%) had attended similar training previously, and 25 (42%) had never attended any training on first aid and BLS. In the pertest, 11 (18.3%) teachers got below average mark (less than 9 out of 15), 29 (48.3%) teachers got average mark (between 9-11 out of 15), and 20 (33.3%) teachers had got above average mark (12 and above out of 15). While in the post-test, the results had improved as following: 0 (0%) teachers got below average mark (less than 9 out of 15), 1 (1.7%) teacher got average mark (between 9-11 out of 15), and 59 (98.3%) teachers had got above average mark (12 and above out of 15). It was very clear that the level of knowledge about first aid and BLS had improved, since mean score in pertest was 10.9 (SD 2.31), then increased to 14.1 (SD 1.12) in post-test. Results show that there is a statistically significant change in the level of knowledge at [p value <0.001]. Conclusion: The study revealed the impact of teaching programs on knowledge regarding first aid and basic life support among School Teachers. Therefore, standard processes for first aid training and basic life support for all schoolteachers should be implemented and it was found effective the training session for the schoolteachers. Teaching and training regarding first aid measures will be helpful and effective in reducing the complication of accidents and injuries among school children. This study supports the importance of conducting training sessions on first aid and basic life support for all teachers in primary schools.

The welfare of society is intrinsically connected to the health and survival of mothers and children. Lactation is a defining trait in nearly all mammals and is crucial for stimulating milk production and flow. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding expression and storage of breast milk among employed women. Material and method: A pre-experimental design was adopted for the study. The study was carried out in Government higher secondary school, menasi and Government higher secondary school, Adhikarapatti, Dharmapuri, Tamilnadu. Total 50 employed women’s who were selected through convenience sampling. Structured interview knowledge questionnaire and socio-demographic questionnaire were used to collect the data. Planned teaching programme were presented to study participants immediately after pre assessment. Results: The results shows that the post-test mean score was 19.34± 1.78 (SD) and the paired ‘t’ test value is 19.43 which was significant at p<0.05. The post-test knowledge score of employed women’s was found to have a significant correlation with demographic characteristics. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, a planned teaching programme increased the knowledge level of employed women.