Community and Public Health Nursing

Introduction: Adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to maturity with rapid physical, intellectual, emotional and social growth. Menstrual hygiene includes all those measures taken by the individual to keep the genital area clean and dry during the menstrual period/cycle. Through various studies, the investigator came to know that adolescent girls who does not have adequate knowledge and practice regarding good menstrual hygiene has a great impact on the health of the adolescent girls such as reproductive tract infections, pelvic inflammatory diseases and other complications. Aim: The aim of this narrative review is to find information on the knowledge and practice regarding menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls. Methodology: Types of studies- Descriptive study, descriptive cross sectional study, cross sectional study, cross-section school based study. Types of participants- Adolescent girls. SettingSchools, village, slums, orphanages. Outcome- This narrative review result has appeared that most of the adolescent girls were not having enough knowledge regarding menstrual hygiene and were not fully aware about good menstrual hygiene practice.

Introduction: Stigma and discrimination are recognised as the most commonly identified barriers to fight the TB epidemic. Reducing TB stigma is essential because it hinders care seeking, contact tracing, outbreak investigations, treatment initiation, adherence and quality of care. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the stigma associated with tuberculosis and find out the association of TB stigma with selected demographical variables. Methodology: Descriptive design was used in the study and data collection was done in the urban and in the rural areas of Bangalore. The total sample size was 250 based on the review of literature. Convenient sampling was done to select the subjects. Data collection was done after getting the informed consent. Modified Tuberculosis-Related stigma scale was used. Data analysis was done by descriptive and inferential statistics. Result: Majority of the subjects 201 (80.4%) had moderate stigma, 31 (12.4%) had poor stigma and 18 (7.2%) had high stigma related to tuberculosis. In this more subjects had high stigma (58.4%) for the item “I am afraid of people who have TB” and lowest stigma for the item (8.8%) “People get TB because of multiple sex partners.” The study findings also shows statistically significant association regarding tuberculosis stigma with gender (1.44), residence (3.41), family member having Tuberculosis (3.647) and friends or neighbours having Tuberculosis (2.41 ) at 0.05 level of significance. Discussion: In the present study, majority of population had moderate stigma (201) 80.4% similar to a study where 21 (34.43%) of the 61 DOTS patients were found to be stigmatised and 40 (65.57%) were not stigmatised. 10 (47.62%) females and 11 (27.5%) males were found to be stigmatised. 43 (70.49%) patients preferred to keep other people from knowing that they were suffering from tuberculosis. 27 (44.26%) patients decided to stay away from work/social groups and 26 (42.62%) felt that others gave them less respect. Conclusion: TB stigma is high and will likely affect care seeking behaviour; TB awareness campaigns should be a priority and emphasise the treatability and curability of TB.

The objectives of the study were to assess the knowledge of Patients regarding Diabetes Mellitus and to assess the home management of Diabetes Mellitus. Method: Quantitative Research with descriptive comparative research design was used. Structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge and home management of Diabetes Mellitus. Convenience sampling was adopted to select 100 Diabetic Patients from a selected urban community in New Delhi. Results: Data was analyzed using Descriptive and Inferential statistics. The findings showed that 52% of the samples had adequate knowledge on Diabetes Mellitus and 56% of the samples had unhealthy home management score of Diabetes Mellitus. Conclusion: The present study revealed that most of the samples had unhealthy home management score of Diabetes Mellitus. The study thus implies that people in the community should be taught and demonstrated the healthy home management of Diabetes Mellitus.

Introduction: Alcoholism is a foremost public health problem afflicting people all over the world resulting in misery and untold sufferings to the family of the alcoholic very especially to the spouse. Alcohol use disorder seem to be an incapacitate sickness which manifests itself as a disorder of conduct. Spouses feel difficult to manage married life and feel stress. This study delineates how wives in Sikkim cope with their alcoholic husbands, and what motivates them to carry on in spite of the surrender of the husbands to the addiction. Methods: This study is a descriptive co-relational, conducted in in patient department of District Hospitals of Sikkim among 60 spouses of alcohol use disorder were AUDIT scale was used to assess the pattern of alcohol used by husband and the spouses were selected through purposive sampling technique. The data was collected through standardized DASS scale to assess the stress, depression anxiety experienced by the spouses of alcohol use disorder and structured coping scale was to used to find out the positive and negative coping strategies adopted by them for which the validity and reliability was established by the panel of experts. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 15 applying descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Results: The Findings of the study revealed that among 60 spouses, 41.67% had experience severe stress, 33% moderate depression and 38.33% had moderate anxiety. The findings also revealed that majority of the spouses reported significantly more familial and social focused negative coping strategies, such as distancing, self-controlling and anger displacement when they are frightened and when they do not wish to confront the situation in order to avoid conflict with the stressful situation. It was also seen that stress and depression is depend upon the factors like type of marriage, type of family, habit of alcoholism before marriage among husband, and family history of alcoholism among spouses of alcohol use disorder (p < 0.05). Discussion and conclusion: The study concludes that spouses of alcohol use disorder are severely stressed which hampered their marital life, caring of children, negative attitude towards husband, loss of respect and dignity.

Background: The Population Census 2011 reveals that there are nearly 104 million elderly persons (aged 60 years or above) in India. A report by UNFPA India estimates that the number of elderly persons is expected to grow to 173 million by 2026. The rapid advancement in technology had taken medical science to higher realms of offering better health care services as well as increased longevity to the population. Combining along with reduced birth rate, the elderly population has considerably increased. A supportive family and environment promotes health and sustains a better quality of life of elderly. Interventions promoting quality of life of older adults reduces the burden of care of them in the society. Objective of the study was to assess the effect of health promotion interventions on QoL among older adults. Method: Quantitative approach with pre experimental design was used to assess the effect of health promotion interventions on QoL among 30 older adults of a selected old age home, Thrissur, Kerala. After assessing the demographic variables of the study participants the modified WHO BREF scale was administered to assess their QoL. Posttest using the same tool was administered after seven days of the intervention which included brisk walking, stretching exercises and laughter therapy. Results: Data was tabulated and analyzed using differential and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that there is a significant difference between pre and post interventional mean score especially in three domains – physical, (54.53 and 73.90) psychological health (58.9 and 72.7) & social relationship (64.33 and 76.33) respectively. Whereas there was no significant difference in pre and post interventional score in the fourth domain. Conclusion: The study highlights that health promotion intervention if provided with regular health care services of elderly helps to sustain them with better quality of life with productivity within their limits.

Background: Testicular self-examination is the regular inspection and palpation of the testicles in order to detect any changes which might indicate testicular disease. Lack of knowledge of testicular cancer and Testicular self-examination (TSE) is a major problem in early detection and screening. Adolescent and young adult males must be taught to perform TSE as a normal routine health promotion activity. Training may ideally start at home and continue in schools and the workplace. Objectives: 1) Assess the knowledge regarding testicular self examination among male undergraduate students. 2) Evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching on knowledge regarding testicular self examination among male undergraduate students. 3) Associate post test knowledge score with selected demographic variables. Materials & methods: A non experimental study one group pretest and post test design with structured knowledge questionnaire. Nonprobability purposive sampling technique was used. Sample size was 60. This study was conducted in higher secondary school in Seloo. Results: The pre test findings shows that 30% of the undergraduate students in pretest had poor level of knowledge score, 61.67% had average knowledge, 8.33% and in post test 25% had good level of knowledge score and 75% of the undergraduate students in post test had excellent level of knowledge score, thus it indicate that after post test the knowledge score was increased. Conclusion: the main aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching regarding regarding testicular self examination among male undergraduate students. After post test, the male undergraduate students had very good knowledge regarding testicular self examination. It was found that the planned teaching was effective.

Introduction: The oral hygiene practices are very low among primary school students and the incidence of dental problems is high. Objective: To assess the skill in tooth brushing technique and to evaluate the effectiveness of demonstration on skill in tooth brushing technique. Methods: One group pretest posttest design was used in the study. Forty primary school students were selected using non probability convenience sampling technique from Govt. lower primary School Kadayiruppu, Ernakulam district, Kerala. The data was tabulated and analyzed using differential statistics like frequency (f), percentage (%), mean, standard deviation (SD) and inferential statistics paired “t” test. Results: The mean post test skill score (17.5) was greater than the mean pre test skill score (9.5). There was significant difference between pretest skill scores and posttest skill scores (t = 21.62, p = 0.001). Conclusion: The study has shown demonstration on skill in tooth brushing technique among primary school students was effective in terms of improving their skill level. There is an immense need of creating skill among primary school students regarding brushing technique to keep their teeth strong and healthy and nurses are in the best position to reach and teach the students.

A descriptive study was carried out to assess the level of risk related to oniomania among women age group 18 to 35 young adult. In this study a non- experimental descriptive design was used. 100 sample size. This section deals with percentage wise distribution of women of age group from 18–35 years with regards to their demographic characteristics. A convenient sample of 100 subjects was drawn from the study population, who were from selected areas. The data obtained to describe the sample characteristics including age, marital status, occupation, monthly family income and average expenses exclusive for shopping respectively. 9% of the women age 18–35 years had low level of risk, 35% of them had average and 56% of them had high level of risk.

Introduction: This paper presents relationship of school and sexual behaviour of adolescent. Context: Adolescent are the group where physical and psychological changes occur. Adolescents are the most susceptible group which faces challenges from society and educational institutions for which they are neither prepared nor they know how to address the problem. Aims: To investigate the cross-sectional relationship between Nature of school and Sexual behaviour of adolescent. Settings and Design: In this study, we have queried various controlled personal and sexual questions to 250 students of age 15-18 yrs. Methods and Material: This study gathered questionnaire based information from students of different types of schools of Ranchi suburb, Jharkhand, India. A total of 56 boys (37.34%) were from boys school and almost double of that were form co-ed schools (i.e. 94 (62.67%)). Based on the nature of school male participants were examined for selected sexual questions (Fig. 1). A total of 42 girls (42%) were from girls school and slightly higher than that were form co-ed schools (i.e. 58 (58%)). Based on the nature of school girl participants were examined for selected sexual questions (Fig. 1). Statistical analysis used: Parameters against which sexual questionnaire was examined are as follows: Nature and syllabus of School. The sample will be described in relation to the independent variables, stratified for nature and syllabus of school. Results: For sexual questionnaire (Have you noticed any bodily changes in yourself that you do not understand?) answers were taken in ‘YES’ and ‘NO’. A total of 7.14% male participant from boys school said ‘YES’ (i.e. they do not completely understand pubertal changes in themselves). Likewise, 9.58% of coed school students responded with a ‘YES’. Whereas, a total of 92.86% and 90.43% students from boys school and co-ed school responded ‘NO’ (i.e. they do completely understand pubertal changes in themselves), respectively. For sexual questionnaire (How do you feel when you see sexual content on television and/or online resource?), was provided with options such as, 1) disgusted 2) funny and 3) aroused. A total of 25% students from boys school said that they were ‘disgusted’ whereas, 47.88% students from co-ed schools said that they get ‘disgusted’ when they see sexual content on various media. Almost, 16% students from both boy’s school and co-ed schools said they found sexual contents on television and internet as ‘funny’. Interestingly, 58.93% students from boy’s school said they got ‘aroused’ by viewing sexual content on television and internet. Whereas, 34.05% students from coed school said they get aroused by viewing sexual content on television and internet. Conclusions: We confirm that adolescents from girls only school were more sexually educated and were least likely to be indulged in any reproductive health problems. Whereas, boys from co-ed schools were least likely to be indulged in any reproductive health problems. Children who are comfortable with their parents are least likely to be involved in criminal activity.

Objective: Tostudy the correlation between demographic profile with internet addiction. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 347 internet addicted teenagers through the structured questionnaire. Data were collected about variables and evaluated through multiple regression model. Results: Demographic profile had high positive correlation with internet addiction at 0.05 significance level. Demographic profile e.g. duration of approval for internet access, socio economic class and family income (p = <0.001), gender (p = 0.01) and family type (p = 0.05) are some of the factors highly associated with various degree of internet addiction. Conclusions: Demographic profile is highly associated with severity of internet addiction. Teenagers are prone for internet addiction, therefore efforts should be taken to increase awareness and prevent the problem of internet addiction in them.

Background: Integrated child development scheme represent one of the world’s largest and most unique programmes for early childhood development. The Integrated Child Development Scheme is a government initiative for the all round development of under 5 children. Its aim is to reduce infant mortality, child malnutrition, provide pre-school education, mid day meal programme, Balawadi and special nutrition. Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge regarding ICDS services among mothers of under five children residing in Aikkarnadu Gramma panchyath at Ernakulam district. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross section survey design was adopted. The study was conducted on 128 mothers of under five children residing at Aikkaranadu Gramma Panchayath using convenient sampling technique. Data were collected by structured knowledge questionnaire and obtained data were analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The knowledge score of mothers of under five revealed that 32 (41.0%) had good knowledge. 87 (67.0) had average knowledge regarding ICDS services. There is significant association between education [p <. 001] and knowledge on ICDS scheme [p < .009] with knowledge level of mothers of under five children regarding ICDS services.