Abstract

Women's prisons as a regime. Experience of women's punishment and imprisonment in different regimes and community penalties changing the character of women's punishment. What’s going on and why are more and more women coming to criminal justice? Women offenders are a distinct minority in the criminal justice system, especially when compared to young men.

• 1.   Endangering justice – from policy to practice: Final report on the commission of the women. (2009). Retrieved 27 December 2021, from http://www. ohrn.nhs. uk/resource /policy/ EngenderingCJS Fawcett.pdf.
• 2.   United Nations Office On Drugs And Crime Vienna: Handbook of basic principles and promising practices on Alternatives to Imprisonment.(2007).
• 3.   Shoshana pollack(2009). You Can't Have it Both Ways”: Punishment and Treatment of Imprisoned Women.
• 4.   Batchelor, S & Burman, M(2004) Working with girls and young women.
• 5.   Cain, M. (1989). Growing up good. Newbury Park: Calif.
• 6.   Carlen, P.(1988). Women, crime and poverty. miltion Keynes: open university press.
• 7.   Lappi Seppälä, T. (2008). Trust, Welfare, and Political Culture: Explaining Differences in National Penal Policies. Crime And Justice, 37(1), 313-387. doi: 10.1086/525028.
• 8.   Batchelor, S & Burman, M(2004) Working with girls and young women.
• 9.   Hudson, B. (1998). Restorative Justice: The Challenge of Sexual and Racial Violence. Journal of Law and Society, 25(2), 237–256. https://doi. org/10.1111/1467-6478.00089.
• 10.   Carlen, P., & Worrall, A. (2004). Analysing Women’s Imprisonment. United States.
• 11.   Theoretical Criminology, 9(2), 175–201.https:// doi.org/10.1177/1362480605051639.
• 12.   Lappi - Seppälä, T., & Lehti, M. (2014). CrossComparative Perspectives on Global Homicide Trends. Crime And Justice, 43(1), 135-230. doi: 10.1086/677979.
• 13.   Easton, S., & Piper, C. (2016). Sentencing and Punishment - Paperback - Oxford University Press. Retrieved 26 December 2021, from https:// global.oup.com/ukhe/ product/sentencing-andpunishment-.
• 14.   Carlen, P., & Tombs, J. (2006). Reconfigurations of penality, the ongoing case of the women’s imprisonment and integration industries.
• 15.   Theoretical Criminology, 10(3), 337-360. doi: 10.1177/1362480606065910.
• 16.   Gelsthorpe, L. (2004). Back to basics in crime control: weaving in women. Critical Review Of International Social And Political Philosophy, 7(2), 76-103. doi: 10.1080/ 1369823042000266530
• 17.   Beckett, K., & Western, B. (2001). Governing Social Marginality. Punishment & Society, 3(1), 43-59. doi: 10.1177/14624740122228249.
• 18.   Garland, D. (2001). The culture of control : Crime and social order in contemporary society. The University Of Chicago Press.
• 19.   Carlen, P., & Worrall, A. (2004). Analysing Women’s Imprisonment. United States.
• 20.   Hudson, B. (2003). Justice in the Risk Society: Challenging and Re-affirming Justice in Late Modernity.
• 21.   Canton, R. (2006). Penal Policy Transfer: A Case Study from Ukraine. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 45(5),502–520.https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1468-2311.2006.00440.x.
• 22.   Bosworth, M. (1999). Engendering resistance : agency and power in women’s prisons. Ashgate.
• 23.   Denton, B. (2001). Dealing : women in the drug economy. Unsw Press.
• 24.   Best, J., & Braithwaite, J. (1990). Crime, Shame and Reintegration. Social Forces, 69(1), 318. https:// doi.org/10.2307/2579648.
• 25.   Ibid10.
• 26.   Gumboh, E. (2017). A Critical Appraisal of the Role of Retribution in Malawian Sentencing Jurisprudence. Erasmus Law Review, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.5553/elr.000087.
• 27.   Ibid10.
• 28.   Plummer, J. V., & Mathiesen, T. (1991). Prison on Trial: A Critical Assessment. Contemporary Sociology, 20(5), 759. https://doi. org/10.2307/2072246.
• 29.   Ibid10.
• 30.   Hannah-Moffat, K. (2000). Prisons that Empower. British Journal of Criminology, 40(3), 510–531. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/40.3.510.
• 31.   Ibid10.
• 32.   Prison: the facts. (2021). Www.prisonreformtrust. org.uk. http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk / Portals/0/ Documents/ Bromley%20Briefings/ Summer%202021%20 briefing%20 web%20 FINAL.pdf.
• 33.   Why focus on reducing women’s imprisonment BL. (n.d.). http://www.prisonreformtrust. org.uk/ Portals/0 /Documents/ why%20 focus%20on%20reducing%20 women%27s%20 imprisonment%20BL.pdf.
• 34.   Ibid10.
• 35.   Nellis, M. (2003). News Media, Popular Culture and the Electronic Monitoring of Offenders in England and Wales. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 42(1), 01-31. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/1468-2311.00263.
• 36.   Feeley, M. M., & Simon, J. (1992). The New Penology: Notes on the Emerging Strategy of Corrections and its Implications. Criminology, 30(4), 449–474. https://doi.org/10.1111 /j.1745- 9125.1992.tb01112.x.
• 37.   Ibid18.
• 38.   Pratt, J., Brown, D., Brown, M., Hallsworth, S., & Morrison, W. (2011). The new punitiveness : trends, theories, perspectives. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
• 39.   Hannah-Moffat, K.(2001). Punishment in disguise: Penal governance and imprisonment of women in Canada. University Of Toronto Press.
• 40.   Ibid10.
• 41.   Malloch, M.(2016, September). Justice for Women: A Penal Utopia|EG Press. Www.egpress.org. http://www.egpress.org/ papers/ justicewomen-penal-utopia.
• 42.   Farrall, S. (2016). Justice and penal reform : reshaping the penal landscape. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
• 43.   Ibid10.
• 44.   ibid13.
• 45.   Ibid10.
• 46.   Supra45.
• 47.   Nellis, M.(2015). After HMP Inverclyde: where power lies in Scotland’s penal reform debate. http://scottishjusticematters.com/hmpinverclyde-power-lies-scotlands-penal-reformdebate/.
• 48.   New prison strategy to rehabilitate offenders and cut crime.https://www.gov.uk/ government/ news/ new-prison-strategy-to- rehabilitateoffenders-and-cut-crime.
• 49.   Shammas, V. L. (2014). The pains of freedom: Assessing the ambiguity of Scandinavian penal exceptionalism on Norway’s Prison Island. Punishment & Society, 16(1), 104–123. https:// doi.org/10.1177/1462474513504799

Data Sharing Statement

Funding