Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasingly recognized as a condition influenced by microbiome composition and function. The gut and pancreatic microbiomes regulate metabolic processes, insulin sensitivity, and inflammation through mechanisms involving Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs), bile acid metabolism, and intestinal permeability. Dysbiosis characterized by reduced microbial diversity and increased gut permeability exacerbates insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. Emerging therapies, including probiotics, prebiotics, dietary interventions, and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT), hold promise for restoring microbial balance and improving metabolic health. While microbiome targeted approaches present opportunities for personalized T2DM management, challenges such as methodological inconsistencies, regulatory concerns, and interindividual variability must be addressed to optimize clinical applications.

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Funding