Abstract

To guarantee food safety and safeguard the health of people, animals, and plants, sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) precautions are crucial. They concentrate on mitigating the risks associated with illnesses, pests, pollutants, and pathogens. SPS methods include phytosanitary measures like plant quarantine, pest risk analysis, and the creation of pestfree areas, as well as sanitary practices like Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), and food hygiene laws. Following the Uruguay Round of GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade) negotiations, the World Trade Organization (WTO) created the SPS Agreement in 1995. It offers a framework for standardizing international trade standards while preserving food safety and public health. Members of this agreement, including India, are required to adhere to SPS guidelines and take requests for agricultural imports into consideration. Harmonization, risk assessment, openness, and regional conditions are the main tenets of SPS measures. The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), the Office International des Epizooties (OIE), and the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) are essential in setting international standards for plant protection, animal health, and food quality. Safe commerce, economic growth, and biodiversity protection are all aided by the effective application of SPS policies.

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• 2.   Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) “Codex Alimentarius and Food Standards.” [https:// www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius] ( h t t p s : / / w w w . f a o . o r g / f a o - w h o - codexalimentarius)
• 3.   International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) - “Standards for Plant Protection.” [https:// www.ippc.int](https://www.ippc.int)
• 4.   Office International des Epizooties (OIE) - “Animal Health Standards and Guidelines.” [https://www.woah.org](https://www.woah. org)
• 5.   FAO and WHO - “Food Hygiene and Safety Standards.” [https://www.fao.org](https:// www.fao.org)
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• 7.   United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) - “The Role of SPS Measures in Trade.” [https://unctad.org] (https://unctad.org)
• 8.   Indian Ministry of Commerce and Industry - “India and WTO SPS Commitments.” [https:// commerce.gov.in](https://commerce.gov.in)
• 9.   GATT 1994 Text- “Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations.” [https://www.wto.org] (https://www.wto.org)
• 10.   WHO - “Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Guidelines.” [https://www. who.int](https://www.who.int)
• 11.   International Trade Centre (ITC) - “SPS and TBT: Overcoming Barriers to Trade.” [https://www. intracen.org](https://www.intracen.org)
• 12.   OECD - “Risk Assessment in Food Safety and Plant Health.” [https://www.oecd.org](https:// www.oecd.org)
• 13.   IPPC Pest Risk Analysis Standards - “Guidelines for Establishing Pest-Free Areas.” [https://www. ippc.int](https://www.ippc.int)
• 14.   WTO Agreement on SPS Measures Text - “Understanding the SPS Agreement.” [https:// www.wto.org](https://www.wto.org)
• 15.   Codex Procedural Manual - “Codex Standards Development Process.” [https://www.fao.org/ fao-who-codexalimentarius](https://www.fao. org/fao-who codexalimentarius)

Data Sharing Statement

Funding