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Urology, Nephrology and Andrology International 9(1-2):p 25-30, Jan -Dec 2024. | DOI: 10.21088/unai.2456-5016.91224.3
Original Article
Lower Urinary Tract Infection: A Comprehensive Overview
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Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.
Urology, Nephrology and Andrology International 9(1-2):p 25-30, Jan -Dec 2024. | DOI: 10.21088/unai.2456-5016.91224.3
How Cite This Article:
Dinesh K. Lower Urinary Tract Infection: A Comprehensive Overview. Uro, Nephro and Andro Int 2024; 9(1-2): 25-30.Timeline
Received : June 04, 2025
Accepted : July 15, 2025
Published : December 30, 2025
Abstract
Lower Urinary Tract Infection (LUTI), primarily affecting the bladder (cystitis) and urethra (urethritis), represents one of the most common bacterial infections encountered globally. Characterized by symptoms such as dysuria, frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain, lutis disproportionately affect women due to anatomical factors, though men, children, and individuals with underlying urological conditions can also be afflicted. Escherichia coli remains the predominant causative agent, although other uropathogens and increasingly, antimicrobialresistance, pose significant challenges to effective management. Diagnosis typically relies on clinical symptoms, urinalysis, and urine culture. This article provides a comprehensive review of lutis, covering their epidemiology, pathophysiology, common etiologies, diagnostic approaches, and current therapeutic strategies,while also addressing the growing concern of antimicrobial resistance and future directions in research and management.
References
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- 3. Foxman, B. (2010). The Epidemiology Of Urinary Tract Infection. Nature Reviews Urology, 7(12), 653-660.
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- 5. Gupta, K., Hooton, T. M., Naber, K. G., Wullt, B., Colgan, R., Miller, L. G., ... & Soper, D. E. (2011). International Clinical Practice Guidelines For The Treatment Of Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis And Pyelonephritis In Women: A 2010 Update By The Infectious Diseases Society Of America And The European Society For Microbiology And Infectious Diseases. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 52(5), E103-E120.
- 6. Ronald, A. (2002). The Etiology Of Urinary Tract Infection: Traditional And Emerging Pathogens. The American Journal Of Medicine, 113(Suppl 1a), 14s-19s.
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Data Sharing Statement
There are no additional data available. All raw data and code are available upon request.
Funding
This research received no funding.
Author Contributions
All authors contributed significantly to the work and approve its publication.
Ethics Declaration
This article does not involve any human or animal subjects, and therefore does not require ethics approval.
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our gratitude to the patients, their families, and all those who have contributed to this study.
Conflicts of Interest
No conflicts of interest.
About this article
Cite this article
Dinesh K. Lower Urinary Tract Infection: A Comprehensive Overview. Uro, Nephro and Andro Int 2024; 9(1-2): 25-30.
Licence:
Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.
| Received | Accepted | Published |
|---|---|---|
| June 04, 2025 | July 15, 2025 | December 30, 2025 |
DOI: 10.21088/unai.2456-5016.91224.3
Keywords
UrinalysisUrine cultureEscherichia coliUTIBladderSearch for Similar Articles
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Timeline
| Received | June 04, 2025 |
| Accepted | July 15, 2025 |
| Published | December 30, 2025 |
licence
Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.
