Abstract

Sand is regarded as one of the most remarkable mineral resources on Earth. Approximately 50 billion tonnes of sand are used every year worldwide, which is significantly more than what is being replaced by natural processes. Sand is being extracted from rivers, beaches and dunes. Numerous sources contribute to the sand seen on beaches and coastal dunes. Sand pours straight from a river to the beach on a hilly coast. The rivers that flow to the sea carry sand to the sea coast. Other significant sources of beach sand include the erosion of bluffs on rocky coasts and the material that glaciers transported to regions, such as the northern hemisphere. Sand mining in rivers, whether done with or without machinery, is having a variety of biotic and socioeconomic effects. It is also charged with a number of physiological alterations in rivers and other bodies of water. Furthermore, a variety of illicit acts, such as the use of force, threats, or violence, are being carried out either alone or by organised crime syndicates focused on the illicit mining operations.

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