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Journal of Emergency and Trauma Nursing 6(1):p 25-29, January-June 2025. | DOI: NO
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Hemorrhagic Shock: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Contemporary Management
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Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.
Journal of Emergency and Trauma Nursing 6(1):p 25-29, January-June 2025. | DOI: NO
How Cite This Article:
Dinesh K. Evolving Hemorrhagic Shock: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Contemporary Management. J of Emer and Trauma Nurs. 2025; 6(1): 25–29.Timeline
Received : March 30, 2025
Accepted : May 16, 2025
Published : June 25, 2025
Abstract
Hemorrhagic shock is a life-threatening condition characterized by severe blood loss leading to inadequate tissue perfusion and cellular oxygenation. It represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in trauma, obstetrics, and various surgical settings. This article provides a comprehensive overview of hemorrhagic shock, encompassing its complex pathophysiology, the clinical stages of presentation, modern diagnostic approaches, and the principles of contemporary management. Key emphasis is placed on rapid assessment, fluid and blood product resuscitation, control of hemorrhage, and the evolving concepts of damage control resuscitation and permissive hypotension. Understanding the mechanisms and implementing timely, evidence-based interventions are paramount to improving patient outcomes.
References
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- 2. Cannon, J.W., & Khan, M.A. (2023). Hemorrhagic Shock. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
- 3. Rossaint, R., et al. (2019). The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: fifth edition. Critical Care, 23(1), 271.
- 4. Chang, R., et al. (2016). Trauma-induced coagulopathy. Annual Review of Medicine, 67, 345-357.
- 5. Curry, N., et al. (2018). The effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, morbidity, and transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet, 376(9734), 23-32.
- 6. Holcomb, J.B., et al. (2015). Transfusion of Plasma, Platelets, and Red Blood Cells in a 1:1:1 vs a 1:1:2 Ratio and Mortality in Patients With Severe Trauma and Massive Transfusion: The PROPPR Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 313(5), 471-482.
- 7. Kashuk, J.L., et al. (2008). Postinjury coagulopathy and the lethal triad: peripheral vascular response and enzyme activity. Journal of Trauma, 65(3), 704-711.
Data Sharing Statement
There are no additional data available. All raw data and code are available upon request.
Funding
This research received no funding.
Author Contributions
All authors contributed significantly to the work and approve its publication.
Ethics Declaration
This article does not involve any human or animal subjects, and therefore does not require ethics approval.
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our gratitude to the patients, their families, and all those who have contributed to this study.
Conflicts of Interest
No conflicts of interest in this work.
About this article
Cite this article
Dinesh K. Evolving Hemorrhagic Shock: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Contemporary Management. J of Emer and Trauma Nurs. 2025; 6(1): 25–29.
Licence:
Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.
| Received | Accepted | Published |
|---|---|---|
| March 30, 2025 | May 16, 2025 | June 25, 2025 |
DOI: NO
Keywords
Blood lossHypovolemiaShockHemorrhageTissue perfusionResuscitationTraumaSearch for Similar Articles
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Timeline
| Received | March 30, 2025 |
| Accepted | May 16, 2025 |
| Published | June 25, 2025 |
licence
Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.
