Abstract

The evolution of sensor technologies has significantly impacted forensic toxicology, offers more efficient, sensitive, and precise means of detecting toxic substances in biological samples. This review critically examines the recent advancements in sensor techniques employed in forensic toxicology, focusing on their potential to improve the detection and identification of toxins, drugs, poisons, and other harmful substances in forensic investigations. From electrochemical sensors and biosensors to optical and mass spectrometric techniques, sensor-based technologies are enhancing the speed, accuracy, and accessibility of toxicological testing. This critical review paper explores the benefits, limitations, and future directions of these advanced sensor systems, highlighting their role in simplifying and accelerating toxicological analyses in both clinical and criminal investigations.

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