Abstract

Forensic serology is critical in criminal investigations, providing essential information about biological evidence such as blood, semen, saliva, and other body fluids. Techniques like blood typing, enzyme markers, and immunoassays have traditionally been used to identify and differentiate biological samples. However, these methods often face limitations when dealing with degraded or trace amounts of evidence. In recent years, glycomics, the study of glycans (complex carbohydrates) and their biological functions, has emerged as a promising tool to complement and enhance forensic serology. Glycans are integral components of glycoproteins and glycolipids and play a pivotal role in cell-cell interactions, immune responses, and tissue-specific markers, which are crucial in forensic investigations. Advances in analytical technologies, such as mass spectrometry (MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), have enabled the detailed profiling of glycans, allowing for more precise identification of biological fluids and even individualization of forensic evidence. Additionally, changes in glycosylation patterns in biological tissues can provide insights into postmortem intervals, further enhancing the role of glycomics in forensic applications. Despite its potential, the integration of glycomics into forensic practice faces challenges, including the complexity of glycan structures and the need for standardized protocols. This review aims to examine the current applications of glycomics in forensic serology, explore its future potential, and discuss the challenges that must be overcome for its widespread adoption.

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