Urology, Nephrology and Andrology International

Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) remains one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), posing significant clinical and economic burdens on patients and healthcare systems worldwide. Nurses play a pivotal role in the prevention of CAUTI due to their direct and continuous patient contact and responsibility for urinary catheter insertion, maintenance, and removal. This comprehensive review synthesizes current literature regarding nurses’ knowledge and practice related to CAUTI prevention. Despite the existence of robust evidence-based guidelines, studies frequently report inconsistencies in nurses’ knowledge levels, particularly concerning indications for catheterization, appropriate insertion techniques, and timely removal criteria. Furthermore, observed practice often deviates from recommended protocols, influenced by a myriad of factors including workload, staffing levels, availability of resources, institutional culture, and inadequate continuing education. This paper highlights critical gaps in knowledge and practice, explores contributing barriers and facilitators, and underscores the urgent need for targeted educational interventions, policy reinforcement, and organizational support to enhance nurses’ adherence to CAUTI prevention bundles, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force across various domains of healthcare. The rapid growth of digital health infrastructure, including electronic medical records (EMRs) and high-throughput imaging, has catalyzed the integration of AI tools into clinical practice, offering improved decision-making and operational efficiency across multiple specialties, including urology. Globally, AI in healthcare is projected to experience a growth rate of 29.3% in 2025, with an anticipated 40% increase in related revenue streams, underscoring its strategic importance in modern medicine. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current applications of AI in urology, elucidate the foundational principles and technological evolution underpinning its use, assess regional and global trends in research and development, and critically analyze the limitations and ethical challenges that accompany AI deployment.

Nocturnal enuresis (NE), commonly known as bedwetting, is one of the most prevalent chronic conditions affecting school-aged children. Though often benign, it imposes significant psychological burden on the child and family. Alarm therapy, a behavioral intervention rooted in classical conditioning, has long been upheld by clinical guidelines as the most effective first-line treatment for monosymptomatic NE (MNE), achieving high initial success and durable cure rates. This comprehensive literature review critically examines the theoretical mechanisms of alarm therapy, evaluates its clinical efficacy compared to pharmacological alternatives, explores critical factors influencing treatment success and failure, and discusses practical implementation challenges, including compliance and relapse management. The evidence overwhelmingly supports the utility of alarm therapy, provided protocols are adhered to, emphasizing the crucial role of parental involvement and the strategic use of ‘overlearning’ to consolidate the conditioned arousal response. Future research should prioritize standardizing treatment protocols and investigating the combined efficacy of behavioral and pharmacological approaches in complex or refractory cases.

Renal hydatid cyst is an uncommon manifestation of cystic echinococcosis and often poses a diagnostic challenge due to non-specific clinical presentation. Imaging techniques, particularly ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT), are pivotal for early and accurate diagnosis, while serology may be inconclusive. Surgical removal combined with anti-helminthic therapy remains the cornerstone of management. We report a case of solitary renal hydatid cyst in a 45-year-old woman, describe characteristic imaging features, and review diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Neoplasm of the testis comprise a morphologically and clinically diverse group of tumors, more than 95% of which are germ cell tumors (GCTs). We hereby report a case of a patient of age 33 years/male who had a history of bilateral undescended testis. He presented with large abdominal masses with raised tumor markers. We discuss the management of synchronous bilateral germ cell tumor (GCT) which is rare.